Information Processing Module 18 I The Information Processing

I. The Information Processing Model Steps in the information processing model Encoding – Getting

II. Encoding �Automatic Processing – Unconscious process of encoding information without effort (ex. Space,

II. Encoding �Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the more times he rehearsed a list on

II. Encoding You will have five minutes to write down the names of as

II. Encoding Serial Position Effect – Tendency to recall the first and last items

II. Encoding �Spacing Effect – Distributed rehearsal (spread out sessions) work better than massed

II. Encoding �Mnemonic Devices – A memory trick or technique �Method of Loci –

II. Encoding You have 10 seconds to remember the following: KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI

III. Storage Sensory Memory – Way of encoding sensory input just long enough to

III. Storage Memories seem to be constructed of bits and pieces of information put

IV. Retrieval Forms of Memory Retrieval Write down the names of the seven dwarfs.

IV. Retrieval Context Effect – Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in

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Information Processing Module 18

I. The Information Processing Model Steps in the information processing model Encoding – Getting information into memory Storage – Retaining information over time Retrieval – Getting information out of storage (Clive Wearing Video) Similar to how computers process information

II. Encoding �Automatic Processing – Unconscious process of encoding information without effort (ex. Space, time and frequency) �Effortful Processing – Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. �Rehearsal – Conscious repetition of information. �Hermann Ebbinghaus – Conducted pioneering memory studies (The more you rehearse the more you retain) �Over-learning – Continuing to rehearse even after you have committed something to memory.

II. Encoding �Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered that the more times he rehearsed a list on the first day, the less time it took to be able to repeat the list with no errors on the second day. (From Baddeley, 1982. )

II. Encoding You will have five minutes to write down the names of as many presidents as you can remember. Distinguish presidents with identical last names by including the initials of their first and, if necessary, middle names.

II. Encoding Serial Position Effect – Tendency to recall the first and last items on a list more easily. Primacy Effect – Easily remembering items at the beginning of the list. Recency Effect – Easily remembering items at the end of the list.

II. Encoding �Spacing Effect – Distributed rehearsal (spread out sessions) work better than massed rehearsal (cramming). �Encoding Meaning �Semantic Encoding – Making material meaningful while encoding. �We remember more effectively when we encode according to meaning. �Self-reference Effect – Encoding information with personal meaning makes the information relevant to you �Encoding Imagery �Mental pictures tend to “stick” well in memory �Ex. Videos of the World Trade Center attacks

II. Encoding �Mnemonic Devices – A memory trick or technique �Method of Loci – Associate items you want to remember with imaginary places. �Peg-word System – Associate items you want to remember with a list of peg words you have already memorized.

II. Encoding You have 10 seconds to remember the following: KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI CSTTIH TNDO How many do you remember? NICKLES SEVEN ANY IN STITCH DON’T How many do you remember? Chunking – Organizing information into meaningful units that are easier to remember. Examples: SSN, phone numbers, driver’s license Hierarchies focus on the relationships between information. (ex. Outline form)

III. Storage Sensory Memory – Way of encoding sensory input just long enough to make a decision about its importance. Iconic store – Visual information, less than ½ second Echoic store – Auditory information, 3 -4 seconds Short-Term Memory (working memory) – Information you are consciously aware of at any point in time. Holds 7± 2 chunks of information Stored as long as it is rehearsed Long-Term Memory – Relatively permanent and limitless storage. Flashbulb memory – Vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Some flashbulb memories are around a shared event (9/11) and some are personal (first day of high school)

III. Storage Memories seem to be constructed of bits and pieces of information put together like a puzzle. Explicit memories – Memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare (Hippocampus) Implicit Memories – Memory of skills and procedures, like how to walk, that are retrieved without conscious recollection (Cerebellum)

IV. Retrieval Forms of Memory Retrieval Write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Which of the following are the correct names of the seven dwarfs? Recall – Searching for memory that was previously stored and calling it back into conscious awareness. Example: Essay test Recognition – Must identify items you learned earlier. Example: Multiple choice test Grouchy, gabby, fearful, sleepy, smiley, jumpy, hopeful, shy, droopy, dopey, sniffy, wishful, puffy, dumpy, sneezy, lazy, pop, grumpy, bashful, cheerful, teach, shorty, nifty, happy, doc, wheezy, stubby

IV. Retrieval Context Effect – Enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information. Hard to recognize people in different places from where you met them (applies to people you have just met) State Dependent Memory – Enhanced ability to retrieve information where you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information. Mood Congruent – Our memories are also connected to our moods.