INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ICT INTRODUCTION ICT stands for

INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) )

INTRODUCTION • ICT stands for 'Information Communication Technology'. Everyday usage of digital technology includes when you use a computer, tablet or mobile phone, send email, browse the internet, make a video call - these are all examples of using basic ICT skills and technology to communicate. • ICT is a technique of using technology and modern electronic devices for the betterment of education. Effective use of ICT provides better understanding of concepts and theories ICT started in the era of radio, television. These are presently the economical most to implement ICT. As the technology advanced, the computer, internet, projector etc came into being

PROS AND CONS OF ICT INTEGRATION Pros of ICT i. It is fast and easier. ii. No paper is wasted. iii. The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without being damaged, unlike paper files that easily get damages or attacked by insects. iv. Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other things. v. It is comparatively cheaper and the work which requires a lot of people can be done simply by one person as folders and other such facilities can be maintained. vi. It removes semantic barriers because the written data can be easily chaned to different languages using software. vii. It provides facilities like video conferencing which save a lot of time, money and effort.

Cons of ICT i. It is unreliable as the messages cannot be recognized by signatures. Though software can be developed for this, yet the software's can be easily hacked. ii. Sometimes, the quickness of digital communication is harmful as messages can be sent with the click of a mouse. The person owes not think and sends the message at an impulse. iii. Digital Communication has completely ignored the human touch. A personal touch cannot be established because all the computers will have the same font! iv. Digital Communication has made the whole world to be an "office. " The people carry their work to places where they are supposed to relax. The whole world has been made into an office. Even in the office, digital communication causes problems because personal messages can come on your cell phone, internet, etc. v. Many people misuse the efficiency of Digital Communication. The sending of hoax messages, the usage by people to harm the society, etc cause harm to the society on the whole.

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS ( SPACE, EARTH) • Atmosphere The first difference between the Earth and space is the atmosphere. The atmosphere of the Earth is composed of a very specific mixture of gases. Air is primarily oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%), with very small amounts of gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, and methane making up the remainder. Engineers provide astronauts with oxygen and nitrogen and remove carbon dioxide from the air to keep them alive and healthy. The main reason is that breathing pure oxygen over long periods of time is toxic to the human body. Another reason is that pure oxygen is extremely combustible. Along with providing air for the astronauts, engineers also must design a sturdy structure that can maintain atmospheric pressure and minimize air leaks. This pressure is important because it is what pushes the air in and out of the lungs; astronauts could not breathe without it.

• Radiation, the second difference between the Earth and space, is another engineering challenge involved with the space environment. Solar flares are continuously blasting energetic radiation into space. Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), which is produced in distant supernova explosions, is particularly harmful to human DNA. GCR consists of rapidly moving heavy, positive ions that can pierce through cells and smash apart DNA ─ leading to cancer. Electromagnetic (such as gamma rays) and other types of particulate radiation (such as high mass and energy [HZE] particles and solar energetic [SPE] particles) can also cause significant damage to the human body. Radiation is cumulative, and the amount of energy absorbed in the body is measured in RAD (radiation absorbed dose).

Gravity The final difference between Earth and space is gravity. Gravity is the dominant force on Earth that pulls everything to the surface. In space, items are in a constant state of free-fall. Gravity makes the movement of objects difficult but makes it easy to keep objects stationary. In space, however, movement of objects is easy, but keeping objects in place is challenging.

FORCE OF GRAVITY • Gravity is the force that gives weight to objects and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Two major factors, mass and distance, affect the strength of gravitational force on an object Newton's law of gravitation describes very accurately how mass and distance affect the force of gravity. Gravity is the force that gives weight to objects and causes them to fall to the ground when dropped. Two major factors, mass and distance, affect the strength of gravitational force on an object. You witness the first factor in everyday life - more massive objects are heavier. The second factor, distance, is less familiar, as it takes a distance of many thousands of kilometers to significantly weaken the pull of Earth's gravity. Newton's law of gravitation describes very accurately how mass and distance affect the force of gravity. • Newton's Law of Gravitation Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is proportional to the mass of both objects, divided by the square of the distance between the objects

• Mass of Objects The mass of the two objects, denoted in the above equation as mass 1 and mass 2, is the first factor that affects the amount of gravity that acts on each of the objects. The larger the masses, the more gravitational force each object exerts on the other. Put simply: the more mass an object has, the more gravity acts on that object. • Distance Between Objects The second factor that affects the amount of gravity on each object is the distance between the two objects. The larger the distance, the less gravitational force each object exerts on the other. This means that the closer one object is to another, the more gravity acts on that object. • Gravity on Earth Because the Earth is large and massive, you can use a simplified version of Newton's law to determine the gravitational force on an object. In this case, the force is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface: Gravitational force = mass * g, where g is the gravitational acceleration: 9. 81 meters per second squared. On Earth, mass is the only factor that affects the gravitational force. Gravity affects an object with a large mass more than it affects an object with a small mass.

AIRCRAFT, SATELLITES AND SPACESHIP • Aircraft An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including blimps), glide, and hot air balloons • Satellites A satellite is an object in space that orbits or circles around a bigger object. There are two kinds of satellites: natural (such as the moon orbiting the Earth) or artificial (such as the International Space Station orbiting the Earth). There are dozens upon dozens of natural satellites in the solar system, with almost every planet having at least one moon. Saturn, for example, has at least 53 natural satellites, and between 2004 and 2017, it also had an artificial one — the Cassini spacecraft, which explored the ringed planet and its moons. • Spaceship A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. A type of artificial satellite, spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, Earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo. All spacecraft except single-stage-to-orbit vehicles cannot get into space on their own, and require a launch vehicle (carrier rocket).

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