Influences on English Language Resource 10 Enriching your
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Influences on English Language Resource 10
Enriching your timeline! Add any information from this slide show to your timeline to. . . • learn more about the English language • how words are formed • and where they have come from Resource 10
A quick history lesson • German tribes arrived 5 th – 8 th century BC • Shortly after Vikings arrived (787 ) • 865 AD there was a huge raid and Vikings travelled to Wessex where they were halted by King Alfred • Guthrum (Viking leader) and Alfred agreed on Treaty of Wedmore • England divided into two parts – Danelaw and Anglo Resource from 10 Saxon Wessex (line roughly Chester to London)
The Influence • Scandinavian/ Viking influence on English was enormous • 1066: Wessex destroyed as literary centre and many centres sprung up around the country and people wrote in local dialects, according to who invaded that area • 600 -900 Scandinavian words have survived until today in Standard modern English. • anger berserk Resource 10 slaughter outlaw
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Quick quiz • ‘Viking' is an old Norse word for. . . ? • A) the Danes • B) pirate raid • C) powerful • Answer is. . B! Resource 10
The Vikings • What do you think of when you hear the word Vikings? • What items do you associate with them? Why? Resource 10
Closed and Open Words • Closed words (grammatical words) – they, their, then • Open words (nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) – Nouns eg loan, husband, window, steak, cake, egg. – Verbs eg cast, take, crawl, die, hit, see, scare, want – Adjectives eg low, wrong, ill, odd, sly, meek, weak, bleak Resource 10
ANOTHER QUIZ! • What do all of these words have in common? • • Grimsby Wetherby Lyngby Brondby • What about these words? • • Resource 10 Scunthorpe Ainthorpe Coneysthorpe Nunthorpe
Place Names • Danish name for town was By. 150 British place names end in –by. They often begin with a person’s name eg Grimsby • HOW MANY CAN YOU THINK OF? • And placenames ending in – – – thorp toft thwaite (clearing) beck (stream) dale (valley) Resource 10
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And then what happened? Resource 10
Middle English Resource 10
French Influences • What do you remember from year 7 history? • What were the causes of the Norman Conquest? • What happened in England? • What do you think happened to the English language? Resource 10
Effects on the Language • (English) earl was replaced by (Norman) count. Also sheriff with viscount and bishop with cleric • The church was replaced by Frenchmen • 20 000 Normans remained in England which was enough for them to remain in effective control of the country • Ruling classes all spoke Norman French Resource 10
Norman French Dies Out • For 200 years after The Conquest, French was the nobleman’s language but it died for a number of reasons: 1. 1204 – England lost Normandy. French noblemen had to choose between their holdings in France or in England. 1. A wave of patriotism amongst these Anglo-Normans. 13 th century, Henry III had French sympathies and filled his court with Frenchmen form central France and Paris (not Normandy). Old Normans were deprived of their land as it was given to the new French. With arrival of new French speakers the Anglo Normans became more patriotic and gave up their Anglo-Norman language for English Resource 10
Key dates • Result: French dying out by end of 13 th c. as language of nobility • Didn’t survive into 15 thc. • 1350 English began to be taught in schools • 1362 English used for the first time in law courts • 1384 Bible translated into English • By 1400 s Geoffrey Chaucer was writing Canterbury Tales Resource 10
Quiz time again! Yippee! • What do all of these words have in common? adieu a la carte restaurant chauffeur ballet mange tout croquet grand prix duvet mousse Resource 10 cricket parkour
Where we used French loanwords • • Administration and government Church Law Military • Look in a good dictionary for words from these fields that have their origin in French Resource 10
Hybrids • Half French/half English words 1. French root/Native ending: – faint/faintness – court/courtship – duke/dukedom 2. Native root/French ending: – shepherd/shepherdess – mile/mileage – drink/drinkable Resource 10
Let’s take a moment to make sense of all of this. . . So, our language is a mixture of. . . • Anglo Saxon • Latin • Viking • French • But how did anyone understand each other? ? ? • Why couldn’t everyone speak the same language? Resource 10
Towards a standard • Many dialects were spoken in England during the Middle English period • English was becoming a taught language in schools and the language of administration (law) and literature means it was increasingly used in writing • This led to the process we call standardisation • Chaucer’s East Midlands dialect was the ancestor of Modern English WHY? Resource 10
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The triangle of power! • Standard English is just one dialect in the country that happened to gain status because of geographical accident rather than because is was ‘better’ than other dialects • Oxford and Cambridge and London = centres of power • Associated with learning and commerce developed social prestige too • This encouraged more people to use this dialect (even if it was not their native dialect) • Late 15 th c. William Caxton set up the first printing press in London. • The printers from London naturally used their own dialect to print documents • This encouraged a move towards Resource a 10 standard written form
The Renaissance Resource 10
The Renaissance period – exciting times • • Renaissance means rebirth Science and art were becoming more important Christopher Columbus discovered America William Shakespeare was writing Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel Caxton’s press established – 1650 The reformation – from old to new European exploration of Africa and Americas Resource 10
Renaissance Loanwords Latin prefixes: ante, com, de, inter, intro, pro Latin suffixes: port, vert, ject, gress Greek prefixes: anti, bio, therm, neo, chron Greek suffixes: pathy, graph, oid, phone Can you add words to your timeline using some of these? Check the spelling and root of the word in the dictionary! Resource 10
Renaissance Loanwords • The loan words below come from which language? Use a dictionary if you need to! • Latin, Greek, French or Spanish? balcony telephone thermometer interject international submarine piazza broccoli pronto taco casserole cliché sauce Resource 10
Not more words? ! So along came the dictionary. . . Resource 10
The Industrial Revolution • New words arose to deal with concepts or inventions eg dynamo or centigrade • Social mobility meant that changes could spread more quickly than was the case in previous centuries • Yes – we had transport! Resource 10
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