INFINITIVE TOOENOUGH ING FORM Can you bear not

INFINITIVE – TOO/ENOUGH `-ING’ FORM

Can you bear not knowing what a bare infinitive is?

Two kinds of infinitive • Bare infinitive • To-infinitive

Two kinds of infinitive • Bare infinitive e. g. stay, go • To-infinitive e. g. to stay, to go

Use the bare infinitive • After modal verbs, e. g. • After the verbs `let’ and `make’

Use the bare infinitive • After modal verbs, e. g. can, must etc. • After the verbs `let’ and `make’ – Let Bill go home early – Make them sit down

He said, `I will not go!’ • He refused __________

He said, `I will not go!’ • He refused to go

Jack will see you. He’ll be glad about that Make this one sentence: Jack will be glad _______

Jack will see you. He’ll be glad about that Make this one sentence: Jack will be glad to see you

He can operate the computer. Rewrite the sentence He knows __________

He can operate the computer. Rewrite the sentence He knows how to operate the computer

It’s very cold so we can’t go outside It’s too cold______

It’s very cold so we can’t go outside It’s too cold to go outside

Tom’s clever. He can solve this problem Make this into one sentence: Tom is clever enough _______

Tom’s clever. He can solve this problem Make this into one sentence: Tom is clever enough to solve this problem

This box is very heavy. Tom cannot lift it This box is too heavy _________

This box is very heavy. Tom cannot lift it This box is too heavy for Tom to lift

Tom is not very strong. He cannot move the box. • Use `enough’ to make one sentence • Tom is not strong __________

Tom is not very strong. He cannot move the box. • Use `enough’ to make one sentence • Tom is not strong enough to move the box

There is a lot of space. Everyone can come in. There is enough space _____________

There is a lot of space. Everyone can come in. There is enough space for everyone to come in

We can use the `-ing’ form • As a noun (either subject or object) – Speaking English is easy – I suggested speaking English – He began collecting stamps • After prepositions – This book is about fishing – I’m tired of doing the same thing every day – I’m looking forward to meeting him (The `to’ is a preposition, not part of an infinitive) • After preposition + noun (Remember for ERS!!) – This story is about a man finding buried treasure

Uses of `ing’-form • After the verb `go’ when we talk about activities – Let’s go running – They used to go pig sticking at the weekends • After special phrases like: it’s no use, be busy, it’s (not) worth etc. – It’s no use shouting to him. He’s too far away to hear.

Some verbs can be used with EITHER the `ing’ form OR with the to -infinitive • start – He started to make a strange noise – He started making a strange noise • • • begin continue like love prefer hate

With some verbs, the meaning with the infinitive is different from the meaning with the infinitive. • I forgot to take my medicine • I forgot taking my medicine

Some can only be used with the `ing’-form • • • avoid admit confess deny regret suggest (Careful! Everyone in HK gets this wrong!) enjoy dislike mind – Would you mind answering a few questions?

Some verbs and expressions are only used with the to-infinitive • decide – I decided to take the later train • • expect want would like would prefer

Finally, with verbs of seeing, hearing and feeling, there is a difference between the meaning with object + bare infinitive and object plus `ing’-form • I saw him crossing the street • I saw him cross the street

Finally, with verbs of seeing, hearing and feeling, there is a difference between the meaning with object + bare infinitive and object plus `ing’-form • I saw him crossing the street (crossing is an action in progress) • I saw him cross the street (crossing is a completed action)