INFINITIVE TOOENOUGH ING FORM Can you bear not
INFINITIVE – TOO/ENOUGH `-ING’ FORM
Can you bear not knowing what a bare infinitive is?
Two kinds of infinitive • Bare infinitive • To-infinitive
Two kinds of infinitive • Bare infinitive e. g. stay, go • To-infinitive e. g. to stay, to go
Use the bare infinitive • After modal verbs, e. g. • After the verbs `let’ and `make’
Use the bare infinitive • After modal verbs, e. g. can, must etc. • After the verbs `let’ and `make’ – Let Bill go home early – Make them sit down
He said, `I will not go!’ • He refused __________
He said, `I will not go!’ • He refused to go
Jack will see you. He’ll be glad about that Make this one sentence: Jack will be glad _______
Jack will see you. He’ll be glad about that Make this one sentence: Jack will be glad to see you
He can operate the computer. Rewrite the sentence He knows __________
He can operate the computer. Rewrite the sentence He knows how to operate the computer
It’s very cold so we can’t go outside It’s too cold______
It’s very cold so we can’t go outside It’s too cold to go outside
Tom’s clever. He can solve this problem Make this into one sentence: Tom is clever enough _______
Tom’s clever. He can solve this problem Make this into one sentence: Tom is clever enough to solve this problem
This box is very heavy. Tom cannot lift it This box is too heavy _________
This box is very heavy. Tom cannot lift it This box is too heavy for Tom to lift
Tom is not very strong. He cannot move the box. • Use `enough’ to make one sentence • Tom is not strong __________
Tom is not very strong. He cannot move the box. • Use `enough’ to make one sentence • Tom is not strong enough to move the box
There is a lot of space. Everyone can come in. There is enough space _____________
There is a lot of space. Everyone can come in. There is enough space for everyone to come in
We can use the `-ing’ form • As a noun (either subject or object) – Speaking English is easy – I suggested speaking English – He began collecting stamps • After prepositions – This book is about fishing – I’m tired of doing the same thing every day – I’m looking forward to meeting him (The `to’ is a preposition, not part of an infinitive) • After preposition + noun (Remember for ERS!!) – This story is about a man finding buried treasure
Uses of `ing’-form • After the verb `go’ when we talk about activities – Let’s go running – They used to go pig sticking at the weekends • After special phrases like: it’s no use, be busy, it’s (not) worth etc. – It’s no use shouting to him. He’s too far away to hear.
Some verbs can be used with EITHER the `ing’ form OR with the to -infinitive • start – He started to make a strange noise – He started making a strange noise • • • begin continue like love prefer hate
With some verbs, the meaning with the infinitive is different from the meaning with the infinitive. • I forgot to take my medicine • I forgot taking my medicine
Some can only be used with the `ing’-form • • • avoid admit confess deny regret suggest (Careful! Everyone in HK gets this wrong!) enjoy dislike mind – Would you mind answering a few questions?
Some verbs and expressions are only used with the to-infinitive • decide – I decided to take the later train • • expect want would like would prefer
Finally, with verbs of seeing, hearing and feeling, there is a difference between the meaning with object + bare infinitive and object plus `ing’-form • I saw him crossing the street • I saw him cross the street
Finally, with verbs of seeing, hearing and feeling, there is a difference between the meaning with object + bare infinitive and object plus `ing’-form • I saw him crossing the street (crossing is an action in progress) • I saw him cross the street (crossing is a completed action)
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