INFECTIOUS DISEASE A DISEASE THAT IS CAPABLE OF

INFECTIOUS DISEASE – A DISEASE THAT IS CAPABLE OF BEING TRANSMITTED FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER BY DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTACT NOW THINK OF AS MANY METHODS OF TRANSMISSION BETWEEN ONE PERSON AND ANOTHER

Immune system diseases Disease survival mechanisms Non specific immunity Physical & chemical barriers Inflammatory Non-specific Cellular response We are her e Specific immunity Infectious Disease Transmissi on Epidemiolog y Vaccination Public Health Immunological surveillance T cells B cells Clonal Selection theory BIG PICTURE

INFECTIOUS DISEASES ARE TRANSMITTED BY; - DIRECT PHYSICAL CONTACT (HANDS SHAKING) - WATER (CONTAMINATED BY MICRO-ORGANISM) - FOOD (CONTAMINATED – COMMON FAECAL-ORAL ROUTE) - BODY FLUIDS (SALIVA/BLOOD OR SEMINAL FLUIDS (OR NEEDLE SHARE) - INHALED AIR (DROPLETS IN AIR, SNEEZING/COUGHING) - VECTOR ORGANISMS (MOSQUITOES / FLEAS) - INDIRECT PHYSICAL CONTACT (CUP/ DOOR HANDLE/ NEEDLE)

LEARNING OUTCOMES • IDENTIFY THE TRANSMISSION METHODS FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES • DEVISE METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE THROUGH TRANSMISSION • START TO EXAMINE WHY THIS AREA IS IMPORTANT AND LOOK AT EPIDEMIOLOGY (LOCATION / SPREAD AND DISTRIBUTION OF DISEASE)

MAIN CULPRITS OF DISEASE. . . HOT question Multicellular parasites MORE ON THESE NEXT TIME. . . BUT HOW TO STOP THEM?

WRITE THEM ON A MULTI-CAUSE MAP CONTROL OF TRANSMISSION COMMUNITY RESPONSIBILITY INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY LEGAL

HOW TO STOP THEM? Clue – think about Rabies Clue – what do hospitals do ? Clue – to work in Mac. Donalds what do you need to complete? got t o n l l Sti e h t n i 0 3 p 3 Clue – what does the council do ? once a week? l l a them oks. Why pay water o b t rates? x te Clue – how do you prevent STI? Clue – what should you do after the toilet?

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGISTS STUDY THE OUTBREAK AND PATTERN OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES TO DETERMINE THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE. WHO – classify as 6 Spread Description stages – not pattern of including the first two. . . disease Sporadic Occurs in scattered or isolated instances with no connection between them. Occasional occurrence. Endemic Recurs as a regular number of cases in a particular area. Regular cases occurring in an area Epidemic Simultaneously affects an unusually large number of people in a particular area. Unusual high number of cases in an area Pandemic Occurs as a series of epidemics that spreads across whole continents or even throughout world, a global

PHASE 1: NO INFECTIONS IN HUMANS ARE BEING CAUSED BY VIRUSES CIRCULATING IN ANIMALS.

PHASE 2: PATHOGEN CAUSES SPORADIC INFECTION IN HUMANS, AND IS A POTENTIAL PANDEMIC THREAT. ZOONOTIC JUMP

PHASE 3: FLU CAUSES SPORADIC CASES IN PEOPLE, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT HUMAN-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION.

PHASE 4: HUMAN-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION AND COMMUNITYLEVEL OUTBREAKS, ENDEMIC TO AREA

PHASE 5: HUMAN-TO-HUMAN TRANSMISSION IN AT LEAST TWO COUNTRIES / TWO AREAS. EPIDEMIC STRONG SIGNAL PANDEMIC IMMINENT.

PHASE 6: PATHOGEN SPREADS TO ANOTHER COUNTRY IN A DIFFERENT REGION/ SPREADING ACROSS CONTINENT. GLOBAL PANDEMIC UNDER WAY.

POST-PEAK: PANDEMIC ACTIVITY APPEARS TO BE DECREASING THOUGH SECOND WAVE POSSIBLE. POST-PANDEMIC: ACTIVITY RETURNS TO NORMAL, SEASONAL

PREVIOUS PANDEMICS. . . • PLAGUE OF ATHENS – TYPHOID FEVER • ANTOINE PLAGUE – SMALLPOX • BLACK DEATH – BUBONIC PLAGUE • SECOND CHOLERA PANDEMIC - CHOLERA • SPANISH FLU - INFLUENZA POTENTIAL PANDEMICS. . . • SARS • SWINE FLU • AVIAN (BIRD) FLU • H 1 N 1

PUBLIC HEALTH DUE TO ITS ROLE IN MAINTAINING HEALTH AND COMBATING INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON A GLOBAL LEVEL, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS AT THE CENTRE OF MUCH OF THE RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HEALTH. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO) MONITOR AND TRACK POTENTIAL THREATS BBC HORIZON - http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=dxk 1 DI 2 q. X 5 E http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=V_-X 0 q. Wlt. Qw http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=h. Tmw 2 Y 5 i. A-k

INCREASED POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND CONTROL MEASURES. . . GLOBAL TRAVEL / IMMIGRATION MEANS TRANSMISSION MORE LIKELY ACROSS CONTINENTS. BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES CONTROL MEASURES CAN BE CONSIDERED THAT INCLUDE; 1. 2. 3. PREVENTING TRANSMISSION (TODAY) DRUG THERAPY (NEXT SLIDE) IMMUNISATION (TWO LESSON TIMES)

DEMONSTRATE YOUR UNDERSTANDING • DATA HANDLING SKILLS. .

DRUG THERAPY; PREVENTION CASE - TAMIFLU • BROUGHT OUT VERY QUICKLY BY PHARMACEUTICALS IN RESPONSE TO THE POTENTIAL PANDEMIC OF FLU • METHOD OF ACTION IS INHIBITION OF AN ENZYME (NEURAMINIDASE) WHICH CLEAVES IT OUT OF CELL

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