INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE ENTRY

INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE BASE ENTRY AND MULTIPLICATION OF ORGANISM RESULTS IN DISEASE COLONIZATION OCCURS WHEN A MICROORGANISM INVADES THE HOST BUT DOES NOT CAUSE INFECTION (INJURY TO CELLS) PATIENT SAFETY ISSUE

CHAIN OF INFECTION Ø Ø Ø Infectious agent or pathogen Reservoir Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible host

Infectious Agent/Pathogen Ø Ø Ø Microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa Normal flora Colonization Virulence Susceptibility Review Potter & Perry Table 34 -1 (pg. 643) Common Pathogens

Reservior Ø Ø Ø Animate sources (humans, animals, insects) Inanimate sources (soil, water, food, medical equipment) Pathogens need a proper environment to survive (food, oxygen, water, temperature, p. H, light) Carriers Toxins: (Exotoxins, endotoxins)

Portal of Exit/Entry Skin and Mucous Membranes Respiratory Tract Urinary Tract Gastrointestinal tract Reproductive Tract Blood

Modes of Transmission Contact (Direct & Indirect) Droplet Airborne Vehicles Vectors

Susceptible Host Susceptibility (Resistance to infection) Factors which influence susceptible: Age Nutritional status Chronic disease history Trauma Smoking

The Infectious Process Ø Ø Ø Incubation Period Prodromal Stage Illness Stage Convalescence Pathogenicity of organism Localized vs. systemic

DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION Normal flora Body System Defenses (P&P Pg. 647) Inflammation VASCULAR AND CELLULAR RESPONSE EDEMA PHAGOCYTOSIS LEUKOCYTOSIS INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE SEROUS SANGUINOUS PURULENT

SPECIFIC DEFENSES AGAINST INFECTION CELL- MEDIATED IMMUNITY ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION (NOSOCOMIAL) Infections that are a result of health care delivery, not present at admission EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS IATROGENIC Refer to Potter & Perry Table 34 -2 Pg. 648 (Sites for Causes of HAI’s)

Common Health-Care Associated Infections Urinary Tract Infection Surgical/Traumatic Wound Infection Respiratory Tract Bloodstream

The Nursing Process & Infection Control (Assessment) Status of defense mechanisms Client Susceptibility Nutritional Status Stress Disease Process Medical Therapy Clinical Appearance Lab Data

Lab Data WBC Count Sedimentation Rate Cultures of sputum, urine, blood Differential Count

Assessing Risk for Infection Age Disease Processes Lifestyle Occupation Diagnostic Procedures Medications Travel History Nutritional Status

NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND PLANNING NANDA APPROVED DIAGNOSIS GOALS AND OUTCOMES MEASURABLE REALISTIC PRIORITIES

Acute Care Interventions MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPSIS CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS CONTROL/ELIMINATION OF: MODES OF TRANSMISSION PORTALS OF ENTRY RESERVOIRS HAND HYGIENE (HCP, PATIENT, FAMILY)

INTERVENTIONS ISOLATION PRECAUTIONS HYPERTHERMIA INTERVENTION ELIMINATE UNDERLYING CAUSE FEVER MANAGEMENT HEALTH TEACHING ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT HEALTH CARE RESOURCES

Isolation Precautions CDC and OSHA Guidelines 1. Contact 2. Droplet 3. Airborne

Drug Resistant Organism Infections & Colonizations Methicillin-Resistant Staphylocuccus aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis

Personal Protective Equipment Gowns Respiratory Masks Eye Protection Gloves Specimen Collection Bagging Trash & Linen Transporting Patients

EVALUATION MEASURE SUCCESS OF INFECTION CONTROL TECHNIQUES COMPARE PATIENT’S RESPONSE TO ACTUAL OUTCOME WHAT WILL YOU DO IF GOAL/OUTCOMES NOT ACHIEVED?