Infants Children and Adolescents Laura E Berk 6

Infants, Children, and Adolescents Laura E. Berk 6 th edition Chapter 3 Prenatal Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Why Have Children? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Relationship of Birth Order to Intelligence Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Advantages and Disadvantages of a One-Child Family Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

American Mothers Getting Older Check to see if Figure 3. 2 is updated Copyright

Conception and Implantation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Periods of Prenatal Development Period Length Key Events l. Fertilization Zygote 2 weeks l. Implantation l. Start of Placenta l. Arms, legs, face, organs, Embryo Fetus 6 weeks 30 weeks muscles all develop l. Heart begins beating l“Growth and finishing” Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

The Placenta and Umbilical Cord Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Discussion Would you recommend that expectant mothers provide their fetuses with certain kinds of

Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Prenatal Environmental Influences: Teratogens Teratogen—any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Prenatal Development and Later Health Low Birth Weight Greater chance of – Heart Disease

Relationship of Birth Weight to Breast Cancer Risk in Adulthood Copyright © Allyn &

Teratogens Drugs – – – Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Infectious Disease

Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? Accutane—toxic to developing organisms Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks include: – Restriction of this and other drugs for the treatment of severe conditions. – Improved public and patient education. – Interventions that promote widespread, effective contraceptive use. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Criteria for Diagnosis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

The Effects of Environmental Pollution More than 75, 000 chemicals are in common use in the United States, and many new pollutants are introduced each year. Many babies are “born polluted” by chemicals that can impair development and increase the chances of lifethreatening diseases and health problems later on. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Effects of Some Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Exercise Nutrition Prevention and Treatment Emotional Stress Rh

The Effects of Emotional Stress on the Developing Fetus Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity. Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently altered. Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short attention span, anger, aggression, and overactivity among preschoolers and young children above and beyond the impact of other risk factors. Stress-related prenatal complications can be greatly reduced when mothers receive the support of family members and friends. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Birth Complications Increase After Age 40 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Expectant Mothers with Late or No Prenatal Care Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Reasons Women Delay Prenatal Care Financial Hardship Situational Barriers Personal Barriers Many are engaging in high-risk behaviors that they do not want to reveal to health care professionals. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Care Promotes Healthy Pregnancies Low-SES ethnic minority expectant and new mothers were not receiving warm prenatal care and expressed difficulty getting questions answered. Group prenatal care offers a sensitive alternative. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008