Industry Focus Clostridial Enteritis IHP Vision without action

Industry Focus Clostridial Enteritis IHP

Vision without action is a daydream. Action without a vision is a nightmare. - old Japanese proverb 07/12/2020 IHP 2

Improvement in Performance 42 days old chicken in 1957: 508 g in 1991: 2200 g ent m e v o r p this im f o % 0 8 t At leas tribution n o c e h t to was down s! of genetic 07/12/2020 IHP Source: Poultry International Sept 1998 3

Clostridial Enteritis - a syndrome emerging worldwide Intestinal health and perfect droppings are the joy of the poultry manager. Flocks that grow without problems are rare indeed. 07/12/2020 IHP 4

Syndromes associated with bacterial overgrowth Necrotic Enteritis - Clostridia Cholangiohepatitis - Clostridia Dysbacteriosis - other bacteria Early stages Later phase 07/12/2020 IHP Clostridial enteritis Necrotic enteritis 5

Performance ANTICOCCIDIAL PROGRAMME ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTOR USE Malabsorption and wet litter Intestinal Stability TRIGGERS Enteritis Coccidiosis Intestinal bacterial overgrowth responsive to antibiotics Clostridium perfringens Clostridial enteritis 07/12/2020 IHP Necrotic enteritis Dysbacteriosis Cholangiohepatitis 6

Necrotic Enteritis Well understood disease Caused by Clostridium perfringens typ A. The organisms replicates readily in the intestinal tract. Produces alpha toxins -> mucosal necrosis 07/12/2020 IHP 7

Etiology The chick is born with a sterile intestinal tract. For the first two weeks the oxygen content of the intestinal flora prevents the multiplication of clostridia (anaerobic). After two weeks clostridia begin to proliferate and clinical disease results. Focal ulceration in duodenum and jejunum. In subclinical form does not result in mortality but is associated with poor performance. 07/12/2020 IHP 8

Predisposing factors Management - stress - poor hygiene/sanitation - crowding - wet litter Dietary factors - high fiber diets /barely, oats, rye/ - viscosity of the gut - oxidized fats and mycotoxins - long withdrawal periods (anticoccidials, GP's) - feed and litter contaminated with clostridial spores. Immune suppression - IBD - Aflatoxins - Marek's - CAV - virulent adenovirus (serotype 8) Concurrent disease - Coccidiosis (scores >2. 8) - Parasitic worm infections 07/12/2020 IHP - Bacterial infections 9

Controlling NE Eliminating predisposing factors: Management - clean and disinfect buildings, proper turn-around time - avoid overcrowding - maintain dry litter - ensure proper ventilation Dietary factors - evaluate nutritional and fiber content of feed - avoid long withdrawal periods - use digestive enhancers - enzymes to offset viscosity Immune suppression - reduce immunosupressive stress and diseases Concurrent diseases 07/12/2020 IHP - Coccidiosis control with coccidiostats using stable programs and ionophores vs. chemicals 10

Controlling necrotic enteritis Ionophores have a high anticlostridial activity, narasin reported especially active. Create stability and immune stimulation Max. 2 -3 programs/year NE can be a real issue, when chemicals (Diclazuril, robenidine, DOT etc. ) or vaccines are used. Therapeutic programs Competitive exclusion Vaccination against NE: successful in ostriches current vaccines are killed type, need to be injected A program of two injections is not likely to spread among broiler producers. 07/12/2020 IHP 11

Treatment of NE outbreak Speed is essential -> via drinking water Many antibiotics are likely to be effective. Tylosin, OTC, Bacitracin, penicillin, neomycin, lincomycin, sulphonamides Considering Water solubility withdrawal periods cost activity against Gram+ bacteria Tylan soluble comes up as the antibiotic of choice when tested against these criteria. 07/12/2020 IHP 12

Building the wall of protection When the clostridial enteritis challenge overcomes the wall of protection, then Tylan Soluble is the product of choice for first line treatment. 07/12/2020 IHP 13

UK positioning NE and cholangio prevention (Strategic) 0. 1 g/litre for two days around day 15 0. 25 g per litre for days one, two and three Dysbacteriosis 0. 1 g per litre for two days immediately the condition is seen Treatment of necrotic enteritis 0. 1 g per litre for two days immediately the condition is seen 07/12/2020 IHP 14

Tylan® treatment of NE: Conclusions - Brennan Trial 1) Treatment with dietary Tylan® (50 -300 ppm) following NE onset reduced (P<0. 05) NE mortality and lesion score improved (P<0. 05) final bodyweight and feed conversion 2) 50 ppm dietary Tylan® was adequate for mortality reduction 3) 100 ppm Tylan® was required for optimum reduction of lesion score, and optimum improvement of feed efficiency and growth 07/12/2020 IHP 15

Further steps NE model is extreme due to: high challenge dose simultaneous infection of entire study population Study with Tylan® Water Soluble: an effective NE treatment presentation pending (PSA, 2001) 07/12/2020 IHP 16

Cholangiohepatitis The liver is enlarged and firm Distended bile ducts (seen as blue color), are visible in the right lobe. Histologically: fibrosing hepatitis, proliferation of the bile ducts, multiple granulomas and compressed hepatocytes. 07/12/2020 IHP 17

Cholangiohepatitis Can cause excessive downgrading of between 3% and 5% of all chickens. Clostridium perfringens is usually isolated, antibiotic therapy in the young bird will control its development. 07/12/2020 IHP 18

Cholangiohepatitis CP infection of the liver Clinical disease is not always seen birds are condemned at the factory with jaundice, perihepatitis and pericarditis History may show a blip in mortality during the growout Antibiotic therapy will prevent the syndrome 07/12/2020 IHP 19

07/12/2020 IHP 20

Experimental work Onderka et al (1990) in Canada Experimental reproduction of cholangiohepatitis ligating the bile ducts injecting CP into the bile duct above occurred on day 21 Results 5 days p. l. : bile duct proliferation 6 days p. l. : intensely yellow droppings 10 to 14 days p. l. : liver changes 17 days p. l. : enlarged tan coloured liver, speckled appearance 07/12/2020 IHP 21

Experimental work Sasaki et al, 2000 10 week old chickens ligation and inoculation with CH necropsy 2 weeks later Inoculation of cystohepatic duct did not result in CH, it had to accompanied by ligation of the enterohepatic duct. 07/12/2020 IHP 22

Dysbacteriosis Presence of a qualitatively and/or quantitatively abnormal flora in the small intestine. This causes a clinical disorder and/or malabsorption. In Holland the incidence has increased since 1995 from 0. 3% to 5. 6%. 07/12/2020 IHP 23

Emerging problem Growth retardation around the 23 rd day of grow-out. 07/12/2020 IHP 24

Names Feed passage - Turkey Hit the wall Flushing Vent pasting - Pakistan Summer gut Clostridial enteritis - Hungary Dysbacteriosis - W-Europe SIBO (Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth) 07/12/2020 IHP 25

Features associated with the disease GP's loose some of the constrains on intestinal bacterial growth rates which will benefit from the use of slowly digested ingredients. Undigested feed is a potential substrate for bacterial fermentation. Variations in the nutritional quality of the ingredients are of increased relevance. Use of enzymes is benefitial. Fish meal worsens the problem. Coccidiosis control is also of great interest. Source: Bedford, Worlds Poultry Science Journal 56(4): 347 -365 2000 Dec 07/12/2020 IHP 26

Symptoms The faeces is looser, contains more fluid, is less consistent, color is lighter. The faeces is more viscous and sticky. The water/feed ratio is increased, the daily growth is reduced. Reduction in feed intake. 07/12/2020 IHP 27

Detection of symptoms A crate with a wire mesh, developed in Holland. 07/12/2020 IHP 28

Detection of symptoms The crate is placed in the house. Every day a fresh newspaper is placed under the wire mesh. Birds randomly hop onto the crate and defecate. The zone of fluid around the droppings can be observed. Good dropping - no fluid zone Clear, but limited zone - dysbacteriosis Large fluid zone - viral problems, E. coli. 07/12/2020 IHP 29

07/12/2020 IHP 30

Etiology Starts with a bacterial overgrowth. Increased level of bacterial endotoxins. Leakage of the gut. Bacteria penetrate the liver, bloodstream. Secondary leg problems, femoral head necrosis. 07/12/2020 IHP 31

Diagnostic methods As Cl. p. is named a key pathogen, culturing gives a clear indications. Classical NE: it's enough, confirming the classical post mortem. 07/12/2020 IHP 32

Diagnostic methods Dysbacteriosis appears without mortality or large lesions, with lower Cp levels. The need is to confirm the diagnosis with the symptoms of looser faeces, more fluid. Reduced growth, increased water/feed ratio. Culturing itself is not sufficient. Profiling of the intestinal population using PCR techniques seems promising. 07/12/2020 IHP 33

Improve understanding Culturing is not sufficient. The tradition of focusing on one pathogen is over. Profiling the bacterial - viral population helps in understanding. Multifactorial problems need new approaches. Profile of "normal" and "disease" must be set up. The effect of treatment could be evaluated by the return of the "normal" profile. 07/12/2020 IHP 34

Diagnosis Bacterial overgrowth has been demonstrated by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. This method has demonstrated: - the proximal intestine or normal birds has very low levels of bacteria, - whereas birds with dysbacteriosis have substantially higher bacterial numbers. Cp have been shown to contribute to this overgrowth. Post-treatment Tylan birds showed bacterial population similar to normal. 07/12/2020 IHP 35

Monitoring Microbial community structure/fingerprinting Panneman 2000 Based on PCR and 16 S ribosome analysis using a database of genes that relate to specific bacteria The PCR can differentiate between normal birds and birds suffering from “dysbacteriosis” PCR indicates that in dysbacteriosis there is an increase in bacterial numbers in the proximal duodenum 07/12/2020 IHP 36

Confirming the presence of Dysbacteriosis: T-RFLP Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Isolate DNA from microorganisms Amplify 16 S RNA gene by PCR Digest amplified DNA with specific restriction enzymes Determine the length of the products The length of the final products is related to one or a small group of microorganisms 07/12/2020 IHP 37

T-RFLP application: Bacteriological analysis of the contents of the chicken intestinal tract A 8 07/12/2020 IHP 38

Analysis of the gel Post Tylan Treatment 07/12/2020 IHP 39