Industrialization Where is Industry Distributed Major Industrial Regions

Industrialization: Where is Industry Distributed?

Major Industrial Regions • Small minority of countries have become industrial economies • Four primary industrial regions have emerged all in the Northern Hemisphere – Western and Central Europe – Eastern North America – Russia and Ukraine – Eastern Asia

Four Industrial Regions • ¾ of the world industrial production is in four regions: 1. 2. 3. 4. • NW Europe Eastern North America East Asia Less than 1% of the world’s land is devoted to industry

Four Industrial Regions 3 1 2 4

Europe • Four Main Industrial Districts – United Kingdom – Rhine-Ruhr Valley – Mid-Rhine – Northern Italy • Became important because of their proximity to raw materials (coal and iron ore) and markets (large concentrations of wealthy consumers

United Kingdom • The Industrial Revolution originated in northern England southern Scotland • Late 1900’s – industry was expanded by attracting high-tech industries • Japanese companies have built more factories in the United Kingdom than any other European country

Rhine-Ruhr Valley • Location – mostly in NW Germany, extends in to Belgium, France, and the Netherlands • Iron and Steel Manufacturing • Heavy-metal industries – locomotives, machinery, and armaments

Mid Rhine • Western Europe’s second most important industrial center • SW Germany, NE France, and Luxembourg • German portion – lacks raw materials, but it is the center of the consumer market • The most central industrial area in the EU • The French portion – Alsace and Lorraine – contains Europe’s largest iron-ore field, and produces 2/3 of France’s steel

Northern Italy • The Po River Basin • Textile manufacturing – 1800 s • Numerous workers willing to work for low wages • Inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps

Eastern Europe Industrial Districts 1. Central 2. St. Petersburg 3. The Volga 4. The Urals 5. Kuznetsk 6. Eastern Ukraine 7. Silesia 2 7 4 1 6 3 5

Central Industrial District • Russia’s oldest, centered around Moscow • Produces ¼ of the country’s output • Specialize in textiles (linen, cotton, wool, and silk), chemicals, and light industrial goods

St Petersburg Industrial District • Railways • Specializes in shipbuilding • Goods that meet the needs of the local market (processed food, textiles and chemicals)

The Volga Industrial District • Along the Volga and Kama Rivers • Grew during WWII when plants in the Central and Ukraine regions were occupied by the Germans • Largest petroleum and natural gas fields

The Urals Industrial District • The Ural Mountains contain more than 1, 000 types of minerals • Iron, copper, potassium, bauxite (aluminum ore), and salt • Industrial development is hindered by a lack of nearby energy sources

Kuznetsk Industrial District • Russia’s most important manufacturing district east of the Ural Mountains • Contains the country’s largest reserves of coal and iron ore

Eastern Ukraine Industrial District • Donetsk coalfield – contains one of the world’s largest reserves of coal • Also – iron ore, manganese, and natural gas Manganese

Silesia • Southern Poland northern Czech Republic • Near coalfields but iron ore must be imported

North America • Concentration in the NE U. S. and SE Canada • The east coast was tied to Europe from its founding • By 1860 – The United States had become a major industrial nation, second to the United Kingdom

U. S. Industrial Areas 1. New England 2. Middle Atlantic 3. Mohawk Valley 4. Pittsburg-Lake Erie 5. Western Great Lakes 3 5 4 1 2

New England • Developed in the early 19 th century, beginning with cotton textiles • European immigrants • Now – relatively skilled but expensive labor

Middle Atlantic • Between NYC and Washington D. C. • The largest U. S. market • Industries that depend on foreign markets or imported raw materials have located here: NYC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Wilmington DE • Other firms seek to be near the financial, communications, and entertainment industries (NYC)

Mohawk Valley • Upper New York state along the Hudson River and Erie Canal • Buffalo • Inexpensive, abundant electricity, generated by Niagara Falls has attracted aluminum, paper, and electrochemical industries

Pittsburg-Lake Erie • The area between Pittsburg and Cleveland is the nation’s most important steel producing area • Close to Appalachian coal • Minnesota became an important source of iron ore • Great Lakes

Western Great Lakes • Extends from Detroit and Toledo to Chicago and Milwaukee • Chicago – Dominant market between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts – Center for transportation networks • Automobile manufacturing

Canada’s Industrial Areas • St. Lawrence Valley-Ontario Peninsula • Hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls • Car manufacturing, aluminum, papermaking, flour mills, textile manufacturing, and sugar refining

East Asia • Heterogeneity – the most heterogeneous region in terms of level of development • Japan – one of the world’s wealthiest countries • China – second largest economy, behind the U. S. • China has abundant resources of coal, iron ore, and minerals, but the rest of East Asia has very few

East Asia • Labor force = East Asia’s most abundant resource • Although industry was devastated after WWII, Japan became an industrial power in the 1950’s and 1960’s by offering low priced products • Highly skilled jobs • Japan is the world’s leading manufacturer of automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and TVs

East Asia • Uneven Distribution • Japan’s industry is concentrated in the central region between Tokyo and Nagasaki • China’s manufacturing is clustered near the East Coast

Secondary Industrial Regions • South of the world’s primary industrial region • Industrial regions usually consist of several zones, each dominated by a particular kind of industry – Iron and steel zone – Coal mining in another – Textiles in a third • Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam share the economic growth in Pacific Realm • Most of the world’s industrial activity has traditionally been found in developed countries of the midlatitudes

Maquiladora • Secondary manufacturing zone • Developed in northern Mexico near border with US • Where manufactured products could be sent to US free of import tariffs • US companies established plants designated to transform imported, day free components or raw material in finished products • Owned by US • Young women= cheaper wages

Maquiladora Continue • Factory that imports material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for manufacturing and re-exports the assembled product • Variety of industries – Electronics, transportation, textiles, machinery • NAFTA – tax-free – Industry expanded more rapidly • Dense number of maquiladoras – Pollution – Hazardous waste • Lack proper waste management facilities and the ability to clean up disposal sites – Hazardous waste illegally disposed