INDUSTRIALIZATION URBANIZATION Immigration New Immigrants 1800 1880 more

INDUSTRIALIZATION & URBANIZATION

Immigration New Immigrants 1800 – 1880: more than 10 million immigrants came to the U. S. 1880 – 1920: 18 million immigrants came to the U. S. from southern and eastern Europe (escaping religious persecution, poverty, little economic opportunity) Ellis Island Angel Island Immigrants flee Russian pogroms Chinese Exclusion Act Emma Lazarus “The New Colossus” Immigration reaches its peak

Immigration Reactions to Immigrants Saw immigrants as a threat Blamed for increase in crime, poverty, and unemployment (felt they took American jobs) Americanization 1. 2. 3. 4. Re or “blend An attempt to make immigrants assimilate, sul Dil ts of in” Co lingh the mm am Banned immigration iss ion Immigrants were barred from becoming citizens Students had to attend separate schools Were taught English literacy skills

New Inventions & Technologies New technology led production to skyrocket. Streetcars Subways Automobiles Airplanes Telegraph Telephone Typewriter Steel Railroads Light bulb/Thomas Edison

An Explosion of Industrial Growth Oil Steel Mid-1800 s: People began to refine oil found in lakes, oceans, etc. for every-day uses Bessemer process: Made steel-making faster and cheaper Transcontinental Railroad

Pros and Cons of Industrial Growth Pros • Rapid industrial growth • • • New inventions and technologies Opportunities for employment Increasing wealth More consumer goods Mass entertainment/leisure opportunities

Pros and Cons of Industrial Growth Cons • Poverty • • • Public Health Issues Exploitation of Labor Ethnic divisions and discrimination Crime increases Bigger gaps between incomes (“rich got rich, poor got poorer”)

Life in America How different classes lived The Wealthy Made money in business or industry “Captains of Industry”; “Robber Barons” Showed off wealth by building fancy homes The Middle Class Corporate employees Professionals teachers, engineers, lawyers, and doctors The working Class Poor Lived in Tenements The Biltmore

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Bellringer Identify one reason immigrants came to the U. S. from 1880 to 1920. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act? Why did nativists resent the influx of immigrants coming to the U. S. ? EXPLAIN one positive effect of industrial growth. EXPLAIN one negative effect of industrial growth. Identify one “captain of industry”/”robber baron” and his contribution to the growth of industry in the late 1800 s/early 1900 s. What were tenements? Describe the conditions if you were to live in one. Who was Jane Addams? What was her contribution to the time period? What was the Social Gospel Movement?

Urbanization The Social Gospel Movement Christians should apply and use religion to solve social problems. You expressed your faith through doing good works. The Settlement House Movement Founders believed in the Social Gospel Movement

Urbanization The Settlement House Movement (cont’d) A new approach to helping people overcome poverty Volunteers offered immigrants services Teaching English Job training Clubs sports 1 st settlement house in America Chicago – 1889 – Jane Addams The Hull House Followed with houses in Virginia (1 st one for African Americans), New York City, etc… 400 in the U. S. by 1910 Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives By 1920, most of the population lives in cities.

Labor & Capital Knights of Labor – Uriah Stevens Ø Andrew Carnegie Ø Carnegie Steel lowered price of steel, making it easier to buildings and bridges, but also lowered workers’ pay Great Railway Strike of 1877 Ø United all “producers” and pushed for 8 -hr work day, end of child labor, better pay, and better working conditions Railway workers’ pay was cut; 1 st major railway strike in U. S. First federal trademark law = brand names Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Corporate consolidation American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers Ø Became the largest labor union by allowing those working immigrants to be members

Labor & Capital Haymarket Riot Ø Homestead Steel Strike Ø Iron and steel workers protested against lower pay at Carnegie Steel; 10 deaths Economic depression of 1893 Pullman Strike – George Pullman Ø Workers were protesting. Bomb was thrown at police, who were trying to break up the protest. Several police and civilians were killed. Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company walk out after pay was lowered. Government was afraid this would slow/stop railroads, so soldiers were sent in and boycott activities were banned. Anthracite Coal Strike Industrial Workers of the World Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Big Business & the Government Social Darwinism Free Enterprise/Capitalism Businesses were like nature: only the strongest survived. Businesses are privately-owned. No government interference = “laissez faire” New types of businesses emerged. Corporation Trust

The Gilded Age Rich got rich, poor got poorer Unions Workers organized and united to fight for better pay, working conditions, end of child labor, shorter work days, equal pay for equal work, etc. The Great Railroad Strike Pittsburgh 1877 Railroad workers protested against cut wages

Legalized Discrimination Voting Poll tax Literacy test Many African Americans could not afford these; therefore, they couldn’t vote Jim Crow Laws Segregation in public places Plessy vs. Ferguson Lynching Murder by an individual or mob (group of people)

Intellectual and Social Trends Advertising grows and a consumer culture is created. Ladies’ Home Journal and Sears Roebuck catalog Women’s roles shift from producer to consumer Progress and Poverty written by Henry George in 1879. Poverty is not inevitable, but is the result of limitations placed on individuals From 1880 s on, new patterns of family life and childhood emerge. Women and children = private sphere of home Men = public sphere of work Boss Politics – a boss holds power over a political region James A Farler and Boss Tweed

Social Darwinism, from the 1880 s on is the belief that competition drives the individual. Survival of the fittest Dynamic Sociology written in 1883 by Lester Ward. States that poverty can be eliminated through social intervention. Goes against belief of Social Darwinism Carnegie publishes Gospel of Wealth in 1889. Says accumulation of massive wealth is good for society. Edward Bellamy writes Looking Backward in 1888. Says a socialist utopia is possible in the US 1890’s Sherman Anti-Trust Act made monopolies illegal. Beginning in the 1890 s, new patterns of leisure, mass culture and entertainment emerge Baseball, football, amusement parks, magazines

In 1893, the Columbian Exposition, AKA World’s Fair, opens in Chicago New technologies, debut of consumer goods Vaudeville gains popularity from 1900 -1910. Form of entertainment including musicians, comics, dancers, magicians, and animals 1915’s Birth of a Nation released, directed by DW Griffith. Depicts African Americans in a negative way. Shows Ku Klux Klan as heroes Looks at experiences during Reconstruction. Results in rise of KKK, causes race riots