Industrialization The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain

Industrialization �The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780 s and took several decades to spread to other Western nations. �Several factors contributed to make Great Britain the starting place.

Contributing Factors �Agricultural practices in the 18 th century had changed. Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved transportation, and new crops led to a dramatic increase in the food supply. �With more abundant food supplies, the population grew. �Britain had a ready supply of money, or capital, to invest in the new industrial machines and the factories needed to house them. �Natural resources were abundant in Great Britain. �Supply of markets gave British manufacturers a ready outlet for their goods.

Cotton Production �In the 18 th century, Great Britain had surged ahead in the production of inexpensive cotton goods. �Cottage industry-production of cotton goods within rural homes �Flying Shuttle- made weaving faster �James Hargreaves invented a spinning machine called the spinning jenny.

Cont’d �The cotton industry became even more productive when the steam engine was improved in the 1760 s by a Scottish engineer, James Watt.

The Coal and Iron Industires �The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution. �For fuel, the engine depended on coal and led to an expansion in the coal industry. �New processes using coal aided the transformation of another industry- the iron industry. �Henry Cort developed a new process to produce a higher quality of iron called puddling.

Railroads �In the 18 th century, more efficient means of moving resources and foods developed. �In 1804, the first steam-powered locomotive ran on an industrial rail-line in Britain. �Building railroads created new jobs for laborers and peasants. �Less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, which created larger markets. �More sales meant more factories and more machinery.

Factories �The factory was another important element in the Industrial Revolution. �The factory created a new labor system. �Factory owners wanted to use their new machines constantly, so workers were forced to work in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace. �Early factory workers came from rural places where they were used to periods of hectic work followed by periods of inactivity. �Factory workers had to create discipline for the early factory workers.

The Spread of Industrialization �By the mid 19 th century, Great Britain had become the world’s first and richest industrial nation. �An Industrial Revolution also occurred in the United States. �The United States was a large country in the 1800 s so a transportation system was vital to move goods across the nation. �Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel steamboat. �Most important in the development of an American transportation system was the railroad.

Social Changes �The Industrial Revolution drastically changed the social life of Europe and the world. �Two new classes emerged: industrial middle class and the industrial working class. �Population grew in the cities because of a decline in death rates, wars, and diseases. �Rapid growth of the cities led to pitiful living conditions for many of the inhabitants.

The Industrial Middle Class �Industrial Capitalism- an economic system based on industrial production. �The industrial middle class was made up of people who built the factories, bought the machines, and figured out where the markets were.

The Industrial Middle Class �Workers had to work long hours six days a week. �There was no minimum wage and no job security. �Working conditions in most factories were harsh and dangerous. �Wives and children were hired at most factories to earn money to support their families.

Early Socialism �The pitiful working conditions gave rise to a movement known as socialism. �Socialism- a system in which society usually in the form of the government, owns and controls some means of production, such as factories and utilities. �Socialists wanted to replace competition with cooperation. �Robert Owen was a utopian socialist that believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment

Chapter 12: Section 2 Reaction and Revolution

�When the great powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain met at the Congress of Vienna in 1814, they wanted to restore the old order after Napoleon’s defeat. �Prince Klemens von Metternich was the Austrian foreign minister who led the Congress.

�He said he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy: legitimate monarchs deposed by Napoleon would be restored in the interest of peace and stability.

�The arrangement worked out at the Congress of Vienna curtailed the forces set loose by the French Revolution. �Those who saw this as a victory, such as Metternich, held a political philosophy called conservatism. �Conservatism is based on tradition and social stability.

�Conservatives wanted obedience to traditional political authority and believed that organized religion was important to an ordered society. �They did not like revolution or demands for rights and government representation. �Most of the great powers eventually adopted the principle of intervention: countries had a right to intervene where revolutions were threatening monarchies.

�The forces of liberalism and nationalism were gathering to bring about change in the old order. �Liberalism is based principally on Enlightenment principles and held that people should be free of government restraint as much as possible. �The chief liberal belief was the importance of protecting the basic rights of all people. �Liberals believed these civil rights should be guaranteed, as they are in the American Bill of Rights.

�Nationalism was an even more powerful force for change in the nineteenth century. �It arose out of people’s awareness of belonging to a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. �This community is called a nation. �In the view of nationalists, citizens owe their loyalty to the nation, not a king or other entity. �Nationalists came to believe that each nationality should have its own government.

The Revolutions of 1848 �France had severe economic problems beginning in 1846, causing hardships to the lower class. �At the same time, the middle class wanted the right to vote. �Louis-Philippe refused to make changes, and opposition grew. �The new constitution, ratified in November 1848, set up the Second Republic, with a single legislature elected by universal male suffrage. �A president served for four years. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (called Louis-Napoleon), the famous ruler’s nephew, was elected president.

Germany �The Congress of Vienna had recognized 38 independent German states, called the German Confederation. �The 1848 cries for change led many German rulers to promise constitutions, a free press, and jury trials. �An all-German parliament, the Frankfurt Assembly, met to fulfill the liberal and nationalist goal of creating a constitution for a unified Germany.

Austria �The Austrian Empire had its problems. �In March 1848, demonstrations led to the ouster of Metternich, the quintessential conservative. �Revolutionary forces took control of the capital, Vienna, and demanded a liberal constitution.

Italy �The Congress of Vienna had set up nine states in Italy. �Revolt against Austria broke out in Lombardy and Venetia. �Revolutionaries in other Italian states took up arms. �By 1849, however, Austria had established the old order throughout Italy.

�In Europe in 1848, popular revolts led to constitutional governments. �The revolutionaries could not stay united, however, and conservative rule was reestablished.