INDUSTRIALIZATION GLOBAL INTEGRATION C 1750 C E TO

INDUSTRIALIZATION & GLOBAL INTEGRATION C. 1750 C. E. TO C. 1900 C. E. AP WORLD HISTORY ERA #5

5. 1 INDUSTRIALIZATION & GLOBAL CAPITALISM • I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how good were produced: Development of machines, including steam engines & the internal combustion engine made possible w/ energy stored in fossil fuels • II. New patterns of global trade & production developed & further integrated the global economies as industrialists sought raw materials & new markets for the increasing amount & array of goods produced in their factories: Cotton grown in Egypt, S. Asia, & N. America and exported to Great Britain and manufactured into textiles • III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed & expanded various financial institutions: Stock markets, insurance, gold standard & limited-liability corporations • IV. There were major developments & innovations in transportation & communication: Railroads, steamships, telegraphs & canals • V. The development & spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses: Economic reforms of Meiji Japan, development of factories & railroads in Tsarist Russia, & Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt • VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the restructuring of the global economy: New social classes like the industrial working class / Rapid urbanization / women & children working in factories

5. 2 IMPERIALISM & NATION-STATE FORMATION • I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires: Great Britain “the empire in which the sun never sets” • II. Starting in the 18 th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, & territory: Expansion of U. S. & Russia / Euro. influence over Tokugawa Japan / Indian Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 • III. In some imperial societies, emerging cultural, religious, & racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism: Social Darwinism

5. 3 NATIONALISM, REVOLUTION, & REFORM • I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often proceeded revolutions & rebellions against existing governments: American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen, & Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter • II. Beginning in the 18 th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, & territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity w/ the borders of the state while govts. used this idea of nationalism to unite diverse populations. In some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions: German nationalism, Italian nationalism • III. Increasing discontent w/ imperial rule propelled reformist & revolutionary movements: Taipings to the Manchus of Qing dynasty, N. American slave resistance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in S. Africa • IV. Global spread of Euro. political & social thought & the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies & solidarities: Olympe de Gouge’s Declaration of the Rights of Women & the Female Citizen, Seneca Falls Conference in 1848

5. 4 GLOBAL MIGRATION • I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized & unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific • II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons: Indian indentured servitude in S. Africa • III. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19 th century, produced a variety of consequences & reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants & the existing populations: Italians & Irish enclaves in N. America / The Chinese Exclusion Act