Industrial Revolution Suez Canal Developments in Asia World

Industrial Revolution Suez Canal Developments in Asia World War I The Great Depression

u The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. u In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. u The Industrial Revolution started in England, because that nation had the technological means, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. u The first factories appeared in 1740, concentrating on textile production. Sources : http: //mars. acnet. wnec. edu/~grempel/courses/wc 2/lectures/industrialrev. html http: //www. bergen. org/technology/indust 1. html

u The term INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION originally referred to the developments that transformed Great Britain, between 1750 and 1830, from a largely rural population making a living almost entirely from agriculture to a towncentered society engaged increasingly in factory manufacture.

u Other European nations underwent the same process soon thereafter u This was followed by others during the 19 th century u And still others (such as Russia and Japan) in the first half of the 20 th century u In some countries this transformation is only now taking place or still lies in the future.

EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE Increase in Trade u Steamships u more European ships sailed to the East u Increase in the number of ships visiting Singapore u Singapore became a port of call in the region

EFFECTS OF IR ON SINGAPORE Improvement in Communications u Letters - 4 to 5 months to reach Singapore from Europe u Steamships - 5 weeks in the 1860 s u Singapore brought into closer contact with Britain and the rest of the world

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

Source : http: //beta. encarta. msn. com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map. aspx? refid=701516820 OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL u Artificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km long. u Separates Africa from Asia and provides the shortest eastwards sea route from Europe u Opened in 1869, nationalized in 1956, blocked by Egypt during the Arab-Israeli War in 1967, and not reopened until 1975.

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL Increase in Trade u Savings in distance and time u Reduce shipping cost u Singapore traders found it faster and cheaper to get goods from Europe u Increased trade for Singapore as a result of increased speed and volume of ships

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE OLD HARBOUR u u u For many years, ships called at the Old Harbour off the mouth of the Singapore River Lighters unloaded the goods from the ships and transported them to shore (Boat Quay) At the quays, the coolies would carry the goods from the lighters to the go-downs and storage houses At the same time, they would load new goods onto the lighters for them to carry back to the ships in the harbour However, the Old Harbour faced several problems as it was not equipped to handle the increased traffic in the area as a result of increased business activities

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE PROBLEMS AT THE OLD HARBOUR u u Overcrowding – there were too many lighters but insufficient space along the banks of the river Insufficient space for storage of goods, coal etc Insufficient space to build docks for ship repairs In short, insufficient port facilities to cope with the growth and increase in trade activities

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOUR u u u In 1852, a New Harbour was built at the strait between the southern coast of Singapore and the 2 islands, Pulau Brani and Pulau Blakang Mati (Sentosa) Deep and sheltered harbour Could accommodate steamships and large sailing ships Sheltered from strong winds and large waves by the two island Free of severe silting The New Harbour was renamed Keppel Harbour in 1900

EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE THE NEW HARBOUR u u u Development of Keppel Harbour took the shape of New wharves – provision of deeper berthing Better coaling facilities – coal sheds/depots Improved storage facilities – new storehouses were built Improved ship-repairing facilities – new docks The new port facilities made it easier and faster for ships to load and unload goods, refuel, re-supply and to make repairs

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA Opening up of China Entrepot trade with China and surrounding areas u Traders’ unfounded fears of opening up Chinese ports u Instead, it increased Singapore’s trade u

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA Development of Malaya Spread of British control brought about peace and order in Malaya u Invention of motor-car and tin-canning industry u Great demand for rubber and tin u u Manufacture tin plates and tin cans u Tyres, soles of shoes u Singapore became the chief port for trade in tin and rubber

http: //shopping. corbis. com/search/enlarge. asp? imageid=10109123

DEVELOPMENTS IN ASIA u Countries are interdependent u Singapore is affected by external events

WORLD WAR I u u u Arms race in Europe Britain, because of IR, one of the strongest powers by 20 th C Other countries tried to match Britain’s military strength Countries in Europe became very suspicious of each other Formed themselves into two opposing groups

WORLD WAR I u u Central Powers : Germany, Italy, Austria. Hungary The Allies : Britain, France and Russia Situation in Europe very tense WWI sparked off by an assassination

WORLD WAR I Effects on Singapore u Rush for food u Trade threatened by the Emden u Indian (Sepoy) Mutiny

ASSASSINATION AT SARAJEVO 2 bullets and a June 28 1914 wrong turn started the most Archduke Francis destructive Ferdinand & and his terrible war that wife Sophie Man has ever Teenage assassin known until then : Gavrilo Princip

WORLD WAR I HOW IT ALL STARTED

4 years WORLD WAR I STATISTICS 4 months 8. 5 million killed 21 million wounded

STATISTICS Nation Total Number of servicemen Number of deaths. engaged in the war. Number of soldiers wounded. Number of men taken prisoner or reported missing. Austria 7, 800, 000 1, 200, 000 3, 620, 000 2, 200, 000 Britain 8, 904, 467 908, 371 2, 090, 212 191, 652 France 8, 410, 000 1, 357, 800 4, 266, 000 537, 000 Germany 11, 000 1, 773, 700 4, 216, 058 1, 152, 800 Italy 5, 615, 000 650, 000 947, 000 600, 000 Russia 12, 000 1, 700, 000 4, 950, 000 2, 500, 000 Turkey 2, 850, 000 325, 000 400, 000 250, 000 United States 4, 355, 000 126, 000 234, 300 4, 500 TOTAL 60, 934, 467 8, 040, 871 20, 723, 570 7, 435, 952 http: //www. historyonthenet. com/Lessons/worksheets/ww 1/statistics. doc WORLD WAR I

WORLD WAR I u u u EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE Locals were complacent prior to the outbreak of WWI Surrounded by neutral or friendly countries Went about their local business Slight panic when war broke out in Europe Things returned to normal after a few weeks ………until the Emden incident

WORLD WAR I THE EMDEN • Arrived in the East in Sep 1914 • Sank many Allied ships in the Indian Ocean • Locals feared that Singapore and the surrounding shipping and trade routes would be her next target • Struck home the reality of war in Europe • Destroyed by an Australian warship in Nov 1914

WORLD WAR I u u EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE British ordered the Indian (sepoy) regiment stationed in Singapore to depart for HK where they night be needed Rumour that the sepoys will be sent to fight against Turkey where the Sultan of Turkey had declared a “jihad” Mutiny started on 15 February 1915 - eve of their departure Which other relevant event occurred on 15 Feb ?

WORLD WAR I u u EFFECTS ON SINGAPORE Seized Alexandra Barracks, released German prisoners Formed small groups to roam the town, killing any Europeans they met Mutiny lasted 10 days Caused anxiety in Singapore but gathered no support

WORLD WAR I

Plaque found in St Andrew’s Cathedral

THE GREAT DEPRESSION u The Great Depression took place from 1930 to 1939, starting with the US and spreading to the rest of the world u During this time the prices of stock in the US fell 40%. 9, 000 banks went out of business and 9 million savings accounts were wiped out. u 86, 000 businesses failed, and wages were decreased by an average of 60%. The unemployment rate went from 9% all the way to 25%, about 15 million jobless people.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Christmas dinner in the home of Earl Pauley near Smithland, Iowa. (Circa 1935) http: //history 1900 s. about. com/library/photos/blygd 50. htm

Depression : Unemployed: Typical picture capturing the number of people who were unemployed and looking for a job. (Circa 1935) http: //history 1900 s. about. com/library/photos/blygd 7. htm

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Trade and Business u America and Europe were the biggest buyers of tin and rubber u Businesses trading in these commodities were badly affected; many closed down

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Unemployment and Hardship u many people suffered u Government had to retrench workers and many suffered pay cuts u By 1931, one third of the population was out of job

EFFECTS OF GD ON SINGAPORE Government’s Response u Passed a law in 1930 to restrict and reduce the number of immigrants coming to Singapore u Arranged for large numbers of Indian and Chinese to return home