Industrial Revolution PreRevolution Britain PreRevolutionary Britain Small farming
Industrial Revolution Pre-Revolution Britain…
Pre-Revolutionary Britain Small farming villages Common Mostly pasture lands self-sufficient Needs met by goods made in town/village Life centered on the rising/setting of the sun Goods exchanged at outdoor markets
Pre-Revolutionary Britain News spread by travelers or messengers Roads were in poor condition Travel was by wagon, horse, foot Even fastest mode of transportation was <100 miles per day London (South) to Edinburgh (North) 1750—About 10 days travel 1900—About 1 day of travel 3/11/14—PTA: 4 -7 hours
Pre-Revolutionary Britain Different There towns had different times was no standard time or time zones
Pre-Revolutionary Britain 20% people lived in cities London was the only city over 10, 000 people Life expectancy in low 30’s By 1900… 80% people living in cities
Pre-Revolutionary Britain So, what happened? Sum it up in three ideas… What was so revolutionary to cause these changes this quickly? Sum What it up in three “events…” piece of “modern” technology do you consider the most revolutionary? Why?
Agricultural Revolution Made possible by: Scientific People were using science (method) and reason to improve all aspects of life. Printing Revolution press People were able to share ideas with more frequency and accuracy Farmer’s journals and almanacs
Agricultural Revolution Three-field Seasonal system planting and growing Fallow area Common Pasture Spring Fallow Autumn Lord’s Manor Village Church Closures (Lord’s) Clear as mud? ? ?
Agricultural Revolution Crop rotations: Charles “Turnip” Townsend Four-field crop rotation with each field in use Turnips and clover Extra money earned by use as animal feed
Agricultural Revolution Seed drill 1701 (Jethro Tull) Eliminated waste of time and seeds Planting in rows enabled efficient weeding and harvesting by machinery
Agricultural Revolution English farmers studied and improved upon Dutch methods of farming Enclosure Movement 1500’s enclosure began for sheep farming and reclaiming land from the sea 1760 -1830: Agriculture Larger field cultivated more easily Small isolated strips around villages were consolidated: Gleaning Rights: forced to sell. Common land enclosed. Those that relied on it forced out of farming. Parliament was controlled by landowners so Enclosure Acts were passed Result: Farming more efficient and ready source of labor in cities
Agricultural Revolution The Enclosure Acts: a series of legislation enacted by Parliament restructuring land ownership laws (dating back to 12 c. , but @ height 1750 -1860) Enclosure Movement 1500’s enclosure began for sheep farming 1760 -1830: Agriculture Larger field cultivated more easily Small isolated strips around villages were consolidated: Gleaning Rights: forced to sell. Common land enclosed. Those that relied on it forced out of farming. Parliament was controlled by landowners so Enclosure Acts were passed Result: Farming more efficient and ready source of labor in cities Population Growth: Agricultural revolution leads to population growth 5 to 9 million from 1700 -1800 36 million by 1900
Agricultural Revolution Better More methods of farming = more food = less hunger Less hunger = better health Better health = less death (longer life) Less death = more people More people = more people All of this = POPULATION GROWTH!!!
Agricultural Revolution Population Explosion! n 1 illio 5 M — 0 70 n n illio 0 18 9 M 0— 00 9 1 — 36 M o illi
New Technologies Coal power developed 1712 Newcomen Engine (expensive and limited application) Timber shortage = increased demand for coal Coal mines needed to be deeper…leads to water seeping into mines Newcomen engine used to pump water out
New Technologies Steam engine Improved by James Watt (1764) Allows factories to be built anywhere No longer is water power needed Mining by pits or shafts driven into hills Deep mines now possible! The development of machine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.
New Technologies Steam engine Improved in 2 major ways (condenser and circular power cycle) by James Watt (1764) Allows factories to be built anywhere No longer is water power needed in same The development of machine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.
New Technologies Iron Abraham Darby, who made great strides using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale in 1709. Coke (charcoal from coal) pig iron was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods such as pots and kettles. pots, cast by his patented process, were thinner and cheaper than those of his rivals. 1779—first iron bridge… It’s still there TODAY!!!
New Technologies Chemicals Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass, textile, soap, and paper industries. sulfuric acid included pickling (removing rust) iron and steel, and for bleaching cloth. bleaching powder (calcium hypochlorite) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 revolutionized the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required (from months to days) for the traditional process then in use
Why Britain? Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship Plentiful Natural Resources Water for canals, rivers, ports Transport and land due to seaports and key position to the west of continental Europe Iron supplies
Why Britain? Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship Workforce: Labor Skilled mechanics—specialization of labor Population explosion provided workers and a market
Why Britain? Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship Capital: Overseas empire
Why Britain? Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship Why Britain? FACTORS OF PRODUCTION: Land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship Plentiful Natural Resources and land Water for canals, rivers, ports Workforce: Labor Transport due to seaports and key position to the west of continental Europe Iron supplies Skilled mechanics Population explosion provided workers and a market Capital: Overseas empire Entrepreneurship Businesses were willing to invest Stable government with little internal trade barriers
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