Industrial Innovations 464 465 Second Industrial Revolution From

• Industrial Innovations: (464 -465) – Second Industrial Revolution: From 1865 to 1905 the United States experienced a surge of industrial growth – This new era of industrial transformation began with numerous discoveries and inventions that significantly altered manufacturing, transportation, and the everyday lives of Americans

• Industrial Innovations: (464465) – Coal and steam made possible the original Industrial Revolution in the United States. – Coal-fed steam engines powered factories. These factories in turn produced the goods that generated economic growth. – In the late 1800 s an abundance of steel helped spur a second period of industrialization. – Steel was used in the construction of heavy machinery and massproduced goods

• Industrial Innovations: (464 -465) – Steel: In the 1850 s Henry Bessemer in – – – Great Britain and William Kelly in the United States, both developed a method of steelmaking that burned off the impurities in molten iron with a blast of hot air CALLED THE BESSEMER PROCESSS: it produced more steel in one day than the older techniques could turn out in one week The increased availability of steel in the late 1800 s resulted in its widespread industrial use. The Railroad Industry began replacing iron rails with stronger, longer-lasting steel ones Steel was used for: railroads, bridges, and buildings Using steel to create a skeletal frame in buildings allowed architects to design larger, multistory buildings. Steel is resistant to rust

• Industrial Innovations: (464465 – Oil: (465) • The process to refine oil affected industrial practices • Edwin L. Drake: used a steam engine to drill for oil • People thought he was nuts, so they called him “Drake’s Folly. ” • Oil boom: prospectors referred to oil as “black gold” • Elijah Mc. Coy: invented a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a machine while it was running – your car • Mc. Coy received a patent – guarantee to protect an investors rights to make, use, or sell the invention.

• Industrial Innovations: (464465 – Transportation: 466 -468 • Innovations in the steel and oil industries led to a surge of advances in the transportation industry – Brought Americans into closer contact with each other

• Industrial Innovations: (464 -465 – Railroads: 466 -467 • The country’s first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. – Project was finished when the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads were joined to form a single rail line from Omaha, Nebraska, to the Pacific Ocean – By 1900, almost ½ a dozen trunk lines – or major railroads, crossed the Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean. This huge railroad grid joined every state and linked remote towns to urban centers – George Westinghouse – developed a compressed air brake. It increased railroad safety. – Railroads: increased western settlement; stimulated urban growth and provided many of the Country’s jobs • Network of railroad lines allowed companies to sell their products nationally

• Transportation: (466 -468) – The Horseless Carriage: (467) • It was a self-propelled vehicle and forerunner to the automobile in 1700 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot mounted the steam engine to a 3 wheeled carriage – Nikolaus A. Otto: invented the first internal combustion engine powered by gasoline in 1876 – Only the wealthy could afford these forms of transportation

• Transportation: (466 -468) • Airplanes: 467 -468 – Orville and Wilbur Wright (The Wright Brothers) of Dayton, Ohio, developed one of the first working airplanes – December 17, 1903, in North Carolina, Orville Wright made the first piloted flight – 12 seconds and 120 feet – in a powered plane

• Communications: (468470) – Telegraph: (468) • Samuel F. B. Morse developed the telegraph as a means of communication over wires with electricity – the Morse Code

• Communications (468 -470) – Telephone: 469 • Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 patented the “talking telegraph. ”

• Communications (468470) – Typewriter (470) • Christopher Sholes developed the typewriter in 1867. • The typewriter gave more jobs to women who did clerical work and the main task was to type