Industrial Hygiene An Introduction For Chemical Engineers Goal
- Slides: 41
Industrial Hygiene An Introduction For Chemical Engineers
Goal of Industrial Hygiene w Worker safety and well-being n Anticipation n Recognition n n Evaluation Control
Workplace Hazards w Chemical w Physical w Ergonomic w Biological
Chemical Hazards w w w Irritants Asphyxiants CNS Agents Specific organ agents Genetic activity Acute versus Chronic
Irritants w Respiratory w Skin w Eye
Irritants w Primary/Secondary n n Primary – at source of contact Secondary – travels through blood to another area w Reversible/Irreversible w Sensitization n Irritant that has a delayed reaction on subsequent exposure
Asphyxiants w Simple Asphyxiants n n N 2 CO 2 He CH 4 w Dilute air so oxygen content is low w Chemical Asphyxiants n n n CO HCN H 2 S w Interact at cellular level to inhibit oxygen uptake.
Central Nervous System Depressants w Narcotics w Anesthetics w Depressants
CNS Depressants w Aliphatic Hydrocarbons n n n Increased chain length enhances effect Addition of an alcohol group (i. e. ethanol) Addition of a halide group enhances the effect
Specific Organ Attack w May be reversible or irreversible n n n Blood - Hemotoxic Liver – Hepatotoxic Lungs – Pulmonotoxic Kidneys – Nephrotoxic Skin – Dermatotoxic Nerves & Brain - Neurotoxic
Genetic Activity w Typically is irreversible n n Causes cancer – Carcinogen Causes chromosome damage – Mutagen Causes birth defects – Teratogen Causes damage to reproductive system Reproductive Hazard
Anticipation of Chemical Hazards w Consider the following: n n n Raw materials Intermediates formed Final products Disposal of used products Maintenance materials w “Cradle to Grave” thought process
Anticipation of Chemical Hazards w Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established Permissible Exposure limits n They are defined in time weighted average, TWA, for most working conditions. Short Term Exposure Limits, STEL, for 15 minute exposure. Ceiling, C, for maximum allowable concentration. w American Council of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established Threshold Limit Values, TLV.
Anticipation of Chemical Hazards w Material Safety Data Sheets, MSDS
Recognition of Chemical Hazards w Odors n Not all agents have detectable odor w Frequent headaches w Dermatitis w Drowsiness w Personality changes w Clusters of problems
Workplace Hazards w Chemical w Physical w Ergonomic w Biological
Physical Hazards w Dusts and Fibers w Noise w Corrosives w Temperature Extremes w Ionizing Radiation w Non-Ionizing Radiation
Dusts and Fibers w Concerned about particle size and penetration into pulmonary track n n n D > 0. 5 micron – does not reach lungs (but may ingest) 0. 2 < D < 0. 5 micron – respirable and gets stuck in lungs D < 0. 2 micron – are exhaled
Noise Hazard Recognition w Need to shout w Ringing sensation w Degraded hearing after work w Auditory testing
Noise Hazard w Sound level measurement L = 10 * Log (I/I 0)2 L = Sound intensity, decibels (d. B) P = Sound pressure, rms (Pa) I 0 = Reference sound pressure, rms (20 Pa)
Typical Noise Sources Source Rocket Jet Engine Rock Band Power Lawn Mower Factory Noisy Office Conversation Quite Room Whisper Sound Level (d. B) 195 160 115 95 90 80 65 40 20
OSHA Sound Level PEL’s Sound Level (d. B) < 90 90 95 100 105 110 115 > 115 Exposure Time Limit (hr) No Limit 8 4 2 1 ½ ¼ 0
Noise Control w Enclose equipment w Enclose operator w Slower rotational speed w Intake/Exhaust mufflers w Padded mountings
Corrosive Hazards w Usually concerned with the affect of corrosives on process equipment w Concern for contact of workers with corrosives n Usually involves necrosis, the death of local tissue due to contact of agent
Temperature Extremes w Heat Stress n n Heat Stroke Heat Exhaustion w Cold Stress n n Frostbite Hypothermia
Heat Stress w Body’s Energy Balance w External Conditions n n Metabolic rate Radiation Convection Sweating n n Temperature Humidity Air movement Radiation In a typical healthy individual the internal core body temperature may rise as much as 3°C during heat stress
Cold Stress w Less Common in Industrial Situations n n n Cold climates Refrigerated space Wind chill w Responses to Cold Stress n n n Body core temperature is typically 37°C Shivering when body Tc < 36°C Lose Consciousness at Tc < 34°C
Temperature Stress Control w Hot Stress n n n Air movement Periodic rest Remove to cooler location w Cold Stress n n Limit exposure time Protective clothing
Ionizing Radiation w Physical damage to cells w Possible genetic damage w Types of Radiation n n Alpha – emitted from nuclei of radioactive particles Beta – similar to but with more penetrating (~ 1 cm) X-ray – produced from high speed electrons striking material Gamma – originates from nucleus, produces burns Neutrons – emitted from disintegration of isotopes, very penetrating
Common Units to Measure Radiation w Rad – the unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation equal to the absorption of 100 ergs/g w Roentgen – exposure to x-rays or gamma rays equal to absorption in 1 cm 3 of air to produce 1 electrostatic unit of charge w Rem – the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same biological effect as 1 rad of x-, gamma or beta w Curie – the rate at which radioactive material emits particles, 3. 7 x 1010 disintegrations per second
Protection from Ionizing Radiation w Alpha, Beta - Little protection required w X-ray, Gamma - w Neutrons Special shielding techniques - Extensive high density shielding
Non-Ionizing Radiation w Low frequency - ~ 3 m wavelength w Microwaves - 3 m to 3 mm w Infrared - 3 mm to 750 nm w Visible light - 750 nm to 400 nm
Non-Ionizing Radiation w Ultraviolet Radiation n UV-A l n n Harmful only to eyes, causes sun tan UV-B l 320 to 280 nm Causes skin damage (sun burn), source arc welding UV-C l 400 to 320 nm 280 to 220 nm Severe damage, source germicidal lamps
Laser Light w Especially dangerous for eyes w Retinal burns w Corneal burns
Workplace Hazards w Chemical w Physical w Ergonomic w Biological
Ergonomic Hazards w Physiological Hazards n n Awkward movements Muscle strain w Psychological Hazards n n n Boredom Concentrated attention Simulated inputs
Ergonomic Hazards w Increasing emphasis due to repetitive nature of some industrial manufacturing jobs. w Also with more operators working at computers or workstations there are ergonomic concerns.
Workplace Hazards w Chemical w Physical w Ergonomic w Biological
Biological Hazards w Pathogenic organisms n Five levels of classification l l n n 1 least dangerous 5 most dangerous Pathogenic organisms are typically not found in a chemical processing facility Possible biological hazards in an industrial setting l l AIDS Hepatitis B
Biological Hazards w Industries with possible biological hazards n n Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Food processing or agricultural products w Typically hazards are well contained
Chemical Engineer’s Responsibility w Be aware of industrial hazards and possible effects. w Design inherently safer systems that minimize worker exposure to hazards. w As a manager encourage proper safety procedures and good housekeeping to minimize employees exposure to hazardous situations.
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