Industrial Age and Progressive Reforms Transcontinental Railroad A

Industrial Age and Progressive Reforms

Transcontinental Railroad

• A watershed accomplishment in American history • Completed in 1869 when two railroads were joined at Promontory Point, Utah, allowing undisrupted railroad travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean • By the end of the nineteenth century, there were a handful of completed transcontinental railroads

Dawes Act

• The act broke up reservations and gave some of the land to each Native American family for farming.

Ghost Dance

The Sioux adopted ritual called the Ghost Dance which they hoped would bring the buffalo back.

the Battle of Wounded Knee

At this battle the Army had become nervous because of the Sioux practicing the Ghost Dance. They gathered them up and tried to take their weapons, when this happened a fight broke out and 300 unarmed Sioux were killed.

Homestead Act of 1862.

Under this law, the government offered 160 acres of free land to anyone who would farm it for five years.

exodusters

African Americans who moved from the post Reconstruction South to Kansas.

Populism

This was a movement to gain more political and economical power for common people

Rutherford B. Hayes

• Elected president in 1876 (in a closely contested election that was deadlocked in the electoral collage and was therefore decided in the House of Representatives) • Won fewer popular votes (and fewer electoral votes) than his opponent-Samuel Tilden- but was elected as part of a political compromise • Ended Reconstruction when he took office in 1877 • First Democrat elected after the Civil War

Jim Crow Laws

• A system of laws that collectively mandated Segregation in all areas of life from that 1880’s to the 1960’s • These laws were deemed constitutional by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson(1896), and then deemed unconstitutional in a series of cases decided by the Warren Court in the 1950’s

Segregation

• The policy enforced by Jim Crow Laws that kept blacks and whites separate in all aspects of public life and many aspects of private life • Ended by the Civil Rights Movement

Bessemer Process

provided a useful way to turn iron into steel.

Gilded Age

• A nickname (coined by mark twain) for the period between the end of reconstruction (1877) and the turn of the century • The nickname applies to hold everything America at that time looked marvelously golden while that was only a surface appearance- a gilding- that hid the serious problems within America society

Laissez faire

• The philosophy that government regulation of economic activity leads to inefficiency and that competition naturally provides the best regulation for business • During the Gilded Age, American economic policy was theoretically based on ______ policies: though the government refused to regulate business, it aided business by giving industries property and materials.

Industrialization

• Refers to conversion of the American economy from being dependent on farming to being dependent on manufacturing (industry) • Industrialization revolutionized the economic, social and political affairs of the untied states, affecting rapid charge in the gilded age and the early decades of the twentieth century

Urbanization

• The trend toward Americans living in cities • Began accelerating the Gilded Age • 1920’s (Jazz Age) were the first time more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas • Immigration was a major cause

Alexander Graham Bell

• Invented the telephone in 1876

Thomas Edison

• Inventor known as the Wizard of Menlo Park • He is credited with creating the phonograph, the incandescent light bulb and the motion picture camera, among numerous other things

George M. Pullman

He built a factory to create luxury trains

John D. Rockefeller

He used the Standard Oil trust to almost completely control the oil industry. His ruthless business practices earned him huge profits, but caused people to label him a robber baron.

Sherman Antitrust Act

It made it illegal to form a trust, but many companies were able to avoid prosecution under the law.

Labor unions

• Also known as organized labor, collective organizations of laborers that were first organized in the late 19 th century to bargain collectively with management for improvements in working conditions, wages and hours.

Haymarket Affair

A bomb exploded at a demonstration in Chicago in support of striking workers. Several people were killed. Labor leaders were charged with inciting a riot and four were hanged although no one knows who actually set off the bomb.

Eugene Debs

This person led the violent strike against the Pullman Company

Mary Harris Jones

known as Mother Jones, gained fame as an organizer for the United Mine Workers

Sherman Anti Trust Act

• An 1890 law designed to regulate business monopolies by outlawing anti-competitive business practices, including trusts and pools • The law was poorly enforced until Theodore Roosevelt and then William Howard Taft served as president; they were known as “trust busters” for their aggressive enforcement of this act • Under Woodrow Wilson’s administration, this act was significantly strengthened • Is still in place today, as evidenced by the recent Microsoft case

Frederick Jackson Turner

• American historian who published famous frontier thesis in 1893, advocating that the American frontier had shaped the American character

Plessy v. Ferguson

• Supreme Court decision in 1896 that ruled segregation by race was unconstitutional, as long as “separate but equal” accommodations were available to African Americans • Laws enforcing segregation were known as Jim Crow laws, and they were not widely challenged until the Civil Rights Movement • This case was overruled by the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Social Darwinism

• A sociological theory of the late nineteenth century • Advocated the idea that competition was the natural state of society and that those who won that competition were naturally superior and naturally suited for leadership • Derived its theories by applying Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to social relations

nativism

an obvious preference for native born

James A. Garfield

the 20 th president Shortly after being elected he was assassinated by a Stalwart

HENRY FORD

• Invented the automobile in 1896. • Pioneered the Assembly line, which revolutionized manufacturing and allowed the Model T to be affordable to most Americans in the 1920’s. • Doubled the pay of his workers from $2. 50 to $5. 00 per. Day, significantly affecting the economy and leading others to follow his example.

Spanish American War

• Fought between the United States and Spain in 1898 • Began because of yellow Journalism and the break up of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and accelerated by the effects of “yellow journalism” • An example of American expansionism • Resulted in American possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, as well as independence for Cuba • Known as the Sp. Am war because more Americans died of spoiled canned meat than died in Combat • Also famous for Theodore Roosevelt leading the Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill

Rough Riders

A unit of volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt who fought in the Spanish-American War.

San Juan Hill

famous battle won by the Rough Riders

Expansionism

• The term applied to the American desire to colonize territory outside of American borders after the close of the frontier (1890) • Expansionism was carried out in economic, military, political and social ways • The Spanish-American War and the Panama Canal are both prime examples of expansionist policy

Gentlemen’s Agreement

1907 -1908 In San Francisco, the local school board put all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children in special Asian schools. This led to an anti-American riots in Japan. President Theodore Roosevelt persuaded San Francisco officials to stop their separation policy. In exchange, Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States

Jane Adams

social reformer, She helped establish Hull House, a settlement house that helped the poor of Chicago.

Assembly Line

• Manufacturing technique invented by Henry Ford. • Uses standardized parts and specialized labor to speed the manufacture of items and thereby lower manufacturing costs. • Allow mass production, such as that which made the Model T affordable and popular in the 1920’s

Model T

• The first widely popular automobile in the United States • Mass produced by Henry Ford in the late 1910’s and the 1920’s on the assembly line • Its low price led to the popularization of the automobile, which changed the character of American cities and lives of the 1920’s (the Jazz Age)

Progressive Era

• A period beginning in the late nineteenth century and ending with American entry into World War I • Characterized by a movement that prized expanded democracy and greater efficiency as ways to reach economic and social justice • Supported increased dependence on science and social science • Worked to alleviate poverty and to expand government regulation of industry

Settlement Houses

• Progressive Era institutions located in inner city slums, providing playgrounds, meeting rooms, and educational facilities for local residents, especially women and immigrant families • Made famous by Jane Addams’s account of running a _______ house, Twenty Years at Hull House

Open door policy

• U. S foreign policy toward china at the turn of the twentieth century.

immigration

• The arrival of people wanting to settle in the United States who are not American citizens • Reached all time high in the mid and late 19 th century, due to eastern Europeans who helped fuel industrial and urban growth in America • The United States limited this for the first time in the 1920’s

Robber Barons

• Nickname given to the wealthiest and most powerful industrialists of the Gilded Age

Yellow Journalism

• Exaggerated and sensationalized journalism in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries • Designed to persuade and influence public opinion • Contributed to American involvement in the Spanish. American War by sentimenting covering the “suffering” of the Cuban people under the Spanish “tyranny” • Most notably practices by the Hearst newspapers

W. E. B. Du. Bois

• African American scholar and political leader most famous for his book The Souls of Black Folk (1903) and for founding the NAAPC in 1909

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• Civil Rights organization founded by W. E. B. Du. Bois in 1909 • One of the primary organizations – along with the SCLC, SNCC, and CORE – that led the civil rights movement

Robert La Follette

• An important Progressive politician who served as both a senator and governor of Wisconsin • As governor he pioneered major Progressive Era reforms, including the introduction of a graduated income tax and the direct primary election.

Theodore Roosevelt

• President from 1901 (when president William Mc. Kinley was assassinated) to 1908 • Republican • Gained fame by leading a regiment known as the Rough Riders in the Spanish American War • First president to enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, earning him the nickname “Trust Buster • Associated with the Progressive era • Domestic agfenda known as the Square Deal • Promoted development of the Panama Canal • First president to pursue conservation in his policies (he created the Forest Service and set aside land for quite a few National Parks) • Ran for president again in 1912 as the nominee of the Bull Moose Party • Distant cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt

Square Deal

• The name for Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic agenda proposed in the 1904 election • Advocated this for both businesses and workers

Roosevelt Corollary

• A foreign policy statement issued by president Theodore Roosevelt in 1904 • An amplification of the ideas first enunciated in the Monroe Doctrine • Declared the United States the “policemen” of all affairs in the western hemisphere • Arose because of some economic difficulties in Central and South America

Conservation

• Notion that the government should withhold certain land from development (either industrial or residential) for the posterity of the nation • Theodore Roosevelt was widely seen as the champion, setting aside land for national parks and creating the Forest Service

“Trust Busters”

• Nickname given to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft because of their aggressive enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

• 1911 fire in a New York clothing factory • 146 women workers were killed because locked doors prevented escape • Helped convince the public and Congress of the need for reforms in working conditions and protection of women

Susan B. Anthony

along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, led the effort to secure Women's suffrage in the United States.

The Jungle

By Upton Sinclair Told of horrors in the meat packing industry

Muckrakers

• The nickname given by president Theodore Roosevelt to a group of journalists who worked to expose the abuses of corporate wealth and power in the first years of the 20 th century • The most famous of the muckrakers was Upton Sinclair, whose novel The Jungle led to government regulation of the meat-packing industry

Pure Food and Drug Act

Also in 1906, Congress passed the which halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

Panama Canal

• A waterway through the Latin American nation of panama connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. • Built in the first two decades of the twentieth century after Theodore Roosevelt negotiated. • A hallmark achievement of expansionism.

Bull Moose Party

• Name taken by the Progressive coalition that nominated Theodore Roosevelt for president in 1912 after the Republican party nominated William Howard Taft over Roosevelt (who had served twice as a Republican) • Name came from Roosevelt’s selfdescription: “I am as strong as a bull moose” • Roosevelt and Taft divided the Republican vote, allowing Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic nominee, to win

Dollar diplomacy C

• A foreign policy of President Taft (1908 -1912) whereby he encouraged American economic expansion in Latin American and Caribbean countries by promising and delivering military and economic aid to keep those countries stable and friendly to America.

William Jennings Bryan

• Ran for president unsuccessfully three times (1886, 1900, and 1908) • Most successful campaign was in 1896, as the candidate of the Democratic and Populist parties • Best known as the primary champion of the movement for the free coinage of silver (“Cross of Gold” speech) and as a leading prosecutor in the Scopes “monkey” trial of 1925

Free Silver

• The clarion call of the Populist party, a political movement of the 1890’s that appealed to rural voters in the west and whites in the south • Free silver was a call for the unlimited coinage of American money on the silver standard • Coinage of silver would have reduced the debts farmers faced by causing inflation • William Jennings Bryan was the great champion of the free silver, making it his rallying cry in the 1896 election

Populist Party

• A third party of the 1890’s that appealed to western farmers and Southern whites by promoting a platform based on the idea of free silver • Reached its height in the 1896 election, when it joined the Democratic Party in nominating William Jennings Bryan for president

• Which is NOT an effect of the Bessemer Press (patented 1855)? • factories producing canned food • more farm equipment • changed in cities such as bridges and skyscrapers • electricity

• What new technology opened lands in the west for settlement and made farming more prosperous? • Steamship • Factory • railroad • Ford's Model T

• Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers intensified to the region between what two geographic areas? • Mississippi River and Pacific Ocean • Atlantic Ocean and Rocky Mountains • Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains

• Many Americans took advantage of the -----? ------ to rebuild their lives because it offered them free land in the western territories if they would live on and farm the land. • Clayton Act • Homestead Act • Exodusters Act • Dawes Act

• After reconstruction, many southern state governments passed ----? ---- forcing separation of the races in public places. • freedom rides • equality laws • anti-lynching laws • Jim Crow laws

• What is an annual tax to be paid in southern states by anyone who voted? • voting tax • real estate tax • poll tax • personal tax

• What is the term for the group of African Americans who escaped the Jim Crow laws by moving to the mid-west. ? • escaped slaves • Exodusters • homesteaders • strikers

• What is the term for the movement of African Americans to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the south? • Great Migration • Massive Exodus • Homestead Act • Jim Crow laws

• What is the term for a minority group giving up their native culture to adapt to the dominant culture? • melting pot • assimilation • adaptation • Arbitration

• What is the west coast immigration station called? • Manhattan Island • Angel Island • Statue of Liberty • Ellis Island

• Which two immigrant groups helped to build the transcontinental railroad? • Irish and Polish • Irish and Italian • Chinese and Japanese • Chinese and Irish

• What act denied people born in China citizenship in America? • Chinese Exclusion Act • Immigration Restriction Act • Immigration Stoppage Act • Asian Immigrants Act

• Which of the following is NOT a location most immigrants to America prior to 1880 moved from? • eastern Europe such as Russia • western Europe such as Ireland • China • northern Europe such as Norway

• After 1880, which of the following is NOT a location most immigrants to America moved from? • South America • Japan • eastern Europe such as Poland • southern Europe such as Italy

• Why did most Americans treat immigrants with hostility? • They lived lavishly. • They took jobs for lower pay. • They created tenements. • They moved to the suburbs.

• Which is NOT a reason why immigrants came to America? • Land • Jobs • escape family ties • freedom

• Which of the following did NOT exist in the factories at the turn of the century? • unsafe working conditions • long hours • equal pay • child labor

• What is the name of the multifamily dwellings with many problems? • Hooverville • Tenement • shanty • row houses

• What is the term for mix of people from different cultures/races who blend together by abandoning their native culture and language? • community • Assimilation • melting pot • arbitration

• Which of the following was NOT an industrial city at the turn of the century? • Chicago, Illinois • Pittsburg, Pennsylvania • Winston-Salem, North Carolina • Detroit, Michigan

• Which of the following is NOT a reason for the economic transformation of the industrial age in America? • American's possession of a wealth of natural resources • Government policies of capitalism and government grants of land • Increasing labor supply for immigration and migration to farms • Development of unions

• Which is NOT a correct match between the robber baron and his industry? • John Rockefeller - oil industry • JP Morgan - finance industry • Andrew Carnegie - steel industry • Cornelius Vanderbilt - banking industry

• Who was the founder of the socialist party and creator of the American Railway Union? • Upton Sinclair • Samuel Gompers • Eugene Debs • Booker T. Washington

• Which union, created by Samuel Gompers, supported collective bargaining and striking? • American Railway Union • National Labor Union • American Federation of Labor • Knights of Labor

• What union replaced the National Labor Union because it accepted all races but failed because it did not support striking? • American Federation of Labor • Knights of Labor • American Railway Union • Garment Workers Union

• Which of the following was NOT a violent industrial strike? • Haymarket Square strike • Homestead strike • Pullman strike • Triangle Shirtwaist strike

• Who invented the telephone? • Thomas Edison • Elisha Otis • Alexander Graham Bell • Henry Ford

• Who invented the light bulb? • Thomas Edison • Henry Ford • Elisha Otis • Alexander Graham Bell

• The first airplane was built and flown by the ----? -----. • Charles Lindberg • George United • Henry Ford • Wright brothers

• What form of public transportation was built in New York City at the turn of the 20 th century? • cable cars • street cars • Subways • electric railcars

• What is the term for workers completing a specialized task along a mechanized line? • sweatshop • work line • tenement • assembly line

• Who used assembly line manufacturing in his factory? • John Deere • Alexander Bell • Andrew Carnegie • Henry Ford

• The -----? ----- used government to reform problems created by industrialization. • Populist Party • Gilded Age • Progressive Era • Supreme Court

• Which of the following is NOT a progressive reform passed by state governments? • direct primary elections - voter chose candidates for office • recall - voters remove elected officials from offices • initiative - voters put issues on the ballot to be voted upon • open ballot - voters state who they want to be elected openly

• Which of the following is NOT a goal of the progressive movement? • Guarantee economic opportunity through government regulations • Elimination of social injustices like child labor • Government controlled by the wealthy. • End of political corruption and patronage.

• What is the term for writers who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life? • Muckrakers • Columnists • smut writers • Plagiarists

• What industry's problems are discussed in The Jungle? • Tuna • soda • Meat • Water

• Who was the muckraking author of The Jungle? • Upton Sinclair • Ida B. Wells • Robert La Follette • Jacob Riis

• What act made companies list the contents of a product and made it illegal to make false claims about a product's benefits? • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • National Standards Act • FDIC

• What act tried to prevent any business structure that "restrains trade" by creating a trust/monopoly? • Clayton Anti-trust Act • Adams-Onis Act • none of the above • Sherman Anti-trust Act

• Local governments tried to prevent political corruption by using the commission and council manager forms of governments. • True • False

• What 1896 Supreme Court case ruled that "separate but equal" is legal? • Marbury v. Madison • Brown v. Board of Education • Plessey v. Ferguson • Roe v. Wade

• Who believed the way to African American equality was through vocational education? • Frederick Douglass • WEB Du. Bois • Ida B. Wells • Booker T. Washington

• Who helped to found the NAACP and believed education of African Americans was meaningless without equality? • Frederick Douglass • WEB Du. Bois • Ida B. Wells • Booker T. Washington

• Which of the following people accepted social segregation? • Ida B. Wells • WEB Du. Bois • Jane Addams • Booker T. Washington

• Who led an anti-lynching crusade and called for the federal government to take action? • Booker T. Washington • WEB Du. Bois • Ida B. Wells • Frederick Douglass

• What act effectively cut off immigration to the U. S. for many decades? • Chinese Exclusion Act • Immigration Stoppage Act • Immigration Restriction Act • Asian Immigrants Act

• Women's suffrage was passed due to the ---? ---- Amendment. • 16 th • 18 th • 17 th • 19 th