INDOUS WORKSHOP ON HYDROFLUOROCARBONS HFCs Indian Industry Perspective

INDO-US WORKSHOP ON HYDROFLUOROCARBONS (HFCs) Indian Industry Perspective on Alternatives to HCFCs for Air Conditioning Sub-sector P. K. Mahindra REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA) 18 February 2011, New Delhi 1

REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION (RAMA) AIMS & OBJECTIVES: To Promote overall growth of Air-conditioning & Refrigeration Industry in India, keeping in mind the larger economic goals of: Ø Maximizing investments in India Ø Ø & Ø Maximizing job creation in India To conduct & facilitate research on Air Conditioning Refrigeration industry To partner with Indian & Foreign Associations for Growth of the Industry 2 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

INDUSTRY SIZE q Air Conditioning & US$ (billion) Commercial Refrigeration: Ø Air Conditioning Systems 3. 2 Ø Commercial Refrigeration 0. 5 Ø Servicing 0. 3 4. 0 q Domestic Refrigerators: 2. 1 Total 6. 1 TOTAL RAMA members account for over 90% of the industry size for Air Conditioning & Commercial Refrigeration and over 70% of domestic refrigerator market. 3 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT SUB SECTORS 1. Room air conditioners 4. VRF air conditioning systems 2. Ducted Systems 5. Precision & Telecommunication 3. Chilled water systems (air & water cooled) 6. Rail Coach Air Conditioning 4 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

AIR CONDITIONERS SUB SECTORS GROWTH STORY 60% 50% 40% Room Air Conditioners Ducted System 30% Chilled Water (Air or Water Cooled) 20% Variable Refrigerant Flow 10% 0% 2005 2009 2013 2015 5 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS GROWTH STORY 18. 0 Production: Ø 2005 : 1. 5 m (Actual) Ø 2009 : 3. 3 m (Actual) Ø 2013 : 9. 9 m (Estimate) Ø 2015 : 17. 0 m (Estimate) 16. 0 14. 0 millions 12. 0 Demand Growth (Annual): Ø 2005 ~ 09 : 22% (Actual) Ø 2010 ~ 12: 32% (Estimate) Ø 2013 ~ 15: 31% (Estimate) 10. 0 8. 0 6. 0 Penetration Level (p. capita): Ø 2005 : < 2 (Actual) Ø 2013 : 3. 5 (Estimate) Ø 2015 : 4. 5 (Estimate) 4. 0 2005 2009 2013 2015 6 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

ALTERNATE REFRIGERANTS CHARACTERISTICS PARAMETER R 22 R-410 A R-407 C R 134 A R 32 R 290 A 1 A 1 A 2 L A 3 Flammable Limits in Air (vol. %) None 14. 4 2. 1 GWP 1810 2, 088 1, 774 1, 430 675 3 0 0. 2 9. 7 0 0 0 Safety Category as per ASHRAE Glide o. F Compressor Energy Effic. Ratio (HCFC 22 %) 100% Yet to be 102 – 105% 95 – 101% 95 – 97% establish 97 – 99% ed Capacity (HCFC 22 %) 100% 149 – 155% 98 – 105% Heat Transfer Pressure Drop Tubing Size System Performance (HCFC 22 %) Redesign Required Baseline 100% Baseline Higher Lower Smaller Lower Same 65% 160% 85% Lower Higher Larger Higher Lower Same Lower Same 98 – 105% 95 – 100% 97 – 98% 95 – 97% 100 -103% Major Minor Major 7 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS R- 410 A ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • R-410 is a blend with a • Increased manufacturing cost small temperature glide • Lower critical temperature of R-410 A (0. 2 C) limits use in higher ambient • System Efficiency is lower • System efficiency 98 ~ 105%; than that of HCFC-22 improvement by better design • Smaller compressor and • Higher thickness and smaller internal heat exchanger due to size of tubes due to higher system lower flow rate pressures • Higher sub cooling (8%) • Higher vacuum levels during manufacturing, servicing • Full system evacuation, gas charging required during servicing Sub sectors : Room Air conditioner, Ducted systems, small Chiller Systems Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011 8

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS HFC-134 a ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Single Component refrigerant ; does not have disadvantages of mixtures • System size is bulky compared to HCFC-22 based systems due to 40% lower refrigeration capacity • Higher coefficient of • Consumes more materials performance as compared to increased system costs R 410 A and CO 2 • GWP concerns Sub sector : Large chiller systems Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011 9

EVALUATION OF REFRIGERANTS PROPANE (R-290) ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES • Low climate impact (GWP: 3) • Serious Safety concerns in • Good thermodynamic performance enclosed environments compared to HCFC-22, especially in (flammability) ; permissible limit: lower ambient 2. 1% of air volume • Comparable pressure and COP to • Large investments at production HCFC-22 facilities for leak testing, charging, • Improved pressure ratio LBP, and general safety discharge temperature, and • Major redesign of the air volumetric capacity compared to HCFC conditioning equipments -22 • Safety during servicing a major concern Pilot Project under evaluation; commercial Production and related issues to be resolved Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011 10

VIABLE OPTIONS FOR AIR CONDITIONING SUB SECTORS Air conditioning Sub Sector Ductless Room Air Conditioners Application Home, small offices Viable Option R -410 A (HFC) Chiller - Water Cooled Institutions, R- 410 A, R-407 C Commercial (HFCs) Information Technology back offices, Telecom R- 410 A (HFC) equipment R -410 A, HFCCentral Systems 134 a (HFCs) Central Systems HFC -134 a (HFC) VRFs (Variable Refrigerant Volume) Institutions, Commercial R- 410 A (HFC) Rail Coach Air Conditioner Others Marine & Defence Railways, Metros Special purpose R- 410 A (HFC) Ducted System Telecom Air Conditioner with Precision Air conditioner Chiller - Air Cooled 11 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

CONCLUDING REMARKS q HFCs, like R-410 A, HFC-32 and HFC-134 a are the only Technically proven and Economically viable Alternatives to HCFC-22 for all the Air-Conditioning Applications q R-290 being highly flammable may be applied for very small capacity units with lot of safety precautions: limited application q There are no other technically proven and economically viable options Available for the industry. Some work is reported on low GWP HFOs and HFC mixtures. The time frame of such R & D work is unknown and may have a number of barriers: Ø Flammability Issues Ø Toxicity issue especially toxicity of products on dissociation Ø Availability at comparable prices 12 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

CONCLUDING REMARKS (cont. ) q The phase-out of HCFCs relies only on the use of technically proven and economically viable solutions ; currently HFCs are the widely used refrigerants to replace HCFCs in most of the developed countries including USA. q Air-Conditioning Sector is very price sensitive and Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) Industry is to provide cost effective solutions to cater the needs of Industrial and for GDP growth in the country. q The RAC Industry can’t afford frequent changeovers as it involves huge capital investment q The RAC industry has a very challenging task ahead ; to cater the needs of growing demand decision of capital investments 13 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

WAY FORWARD! q The Indian industry look forward for interacting with the US RAC industry to deliberate about the feasible solutions especially to comply 2013 & 2015 control targets under the given of technically proven, economically viable, environmentally benign refrigerants. q As the changeover requires large capital investments especially in growing markets like India, there is a need to have comprehensive studies and dialogues on technologies likely to be available in a given time horizon at affordable price. q There should be mechanism to fund transition to low GWP refrigerants as and when these are viable 14 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011

And the Journey continues for a Sustainable Growth 15 Indo-US Workshop on HFCs-18 th Feb. 2011