Indoor Air Quality MOHD TALIB LATIF School of

Indoor Air Quality MOHD TALIB LATIF School of Environmental and natural Resource Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University Kebangsaan Malaysia

Indoor Air Quality Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term referring to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants

Indoor Air Pollution The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC- Australia) defines indoor air as air within a building occupied for at least one hour by people of varying states of health. This can include the office, classroom, transport facility, shopping centre, hospital and home. Indoor air quality can be defined as the totality of attributes of indoor air that affect a person's health and well being.

Sick building syndrome Condition associated with complaints of discomfort including headache; nausea; dizziness; dermatitis; eye, nose, throat, and respiratory irritation; coughing; difficulty concentrating; sensitivity to odors; muscle pain; and fatigue.

Sick building syndrome The specific causes of the symptoms are often not known but sometimes are attributed to the effects of a combination of substances or individual susceptibility to low concentrations of contaminants. The symptoms are associated with periods of occupancy and often disappear after the worker leaves the worksite.

Cause of SBS Inadequate ventilation 52% Contamination from inside building 16% Contamination from outside building 10% Microbial contamination 5% Contamination from building fabric 4% Unknown sources 13%1

Thermal Comfort Personal factors (health, psychology, sociology & situational factors) Air temperature Mean radiant temperature Air movement / velocity (see wind chill factor) Relative humidity (see also perspiration) Insulative clothing Activity levels.

THE IMPORTANT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY

Indoor Air Quality Council-USA The IAQ Council offers certifications in five disciplines related to indoor air quality: Indoor Environmental Consulting and Investigation Council-certified Indoor Environmental Consultant (CIEC) Council-certified Indoor Environmentalist (CIE) Microbial Consulting and Investigation Council-certified Microbial Consultant (CMC) Council-certified Microbial Investigator (CMI)

Microbial Remediation Council-certified Microbial Remediation Supervisor (CMRS) Council-certified Microbial Remediator (CMR) Indoor Air Quality Administration Council-certified Indoor Air Quality Manager (CIAQM) Council-certified Microbial Claims Adjuster (CMCA) Residential Mold Inspection Council-certified Residential Mold Inspector (CRMI)

Sources of Indoor Pollutants Base on Specific Building Combustion activity Furniture Chemical Building materials Food Water Smoking activity Outdoor air pollution

Walkaround Inspection Potential Problem Areas Sample Collection

Contaminant Range Screening Method Validation Method Bioaerosols 0 -1, 000 cfu/m 3 Viable biological sampler Carbon dioxide 0 -2, 000 ppm DT, IR Sampling bag, GC/TCD OSHA ID 172 Carbon monoxide 2 -50 ppm DT, meter Sampling bag, meter Formaldehyde 0. 04 -1 ppm DT Coated XAD-2, GC/NPD OSHA-52 Nitric oxide 0 -25 ppm DT TEA tube with oxidizer, DPP OSHA ID 190 Nitrogen dioxide 0 -5 ppm DT TEA-Molecular Sieve Tube, IC OSHA ID 182 Particulates 0 -40, 000 particles/cc Light scattering meter Pesticides (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual) Ozone 0 -0. 1 ppm DT, Chemiluminescent meter Radon 4 -200 p. Ci/L Radon Cartridge, Electrect VOC's (See OSHA Chemical Information Manual)

GREEN BUILDING INDEX http: //www. greenbuildingindex. org/

Green Building Index (GBI) The Green Building Index (GBI) is Malaysia’s industry recognised green rating tool for buildings to promote sustainability in the built environment and raise awareness among Developers, Architects, Engineers, Planners, Designers, Contractors and the Public about environmental issues and our responsibility to the future generations

What is Dust consists of tiny solid particles carried by air currents. These articles are formed by a disintegration or fracture process, such as grinding, crushing, or impact. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) defines dust as finely divided solids that may become airborne from the original state without any chemical or physical change other than fracture.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Occupational health point of view Total Dust Inhalable Dust Respirable Dust

Total Dust Total dust includes all airborne particles, regardless of their size or composition.

Inhalable Dust The EPA describes inhalable dust as that size fraction of dust which enters the body, but is trapped in the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. The median aerodynamic diameter of this dust is about 10 µm.

Respirable Dust Respirable dust refers to those dust particles that are small enough to penetrate the nose and upper respiratory system and deep into the lungs. Particles that penetrate deep into the respiratory system are generally beyond the body's natural clearance mechanisms of cilia and mucous and are more likely to be retained.

OSHA Definition

General Understanding Fine mode

Aerosols

Other OSHA Definition Inhalable Particulate Mass Dust particles having a 50% cut-point of 100 µm. These dust particles are hazardous when deposited anywhere in the respiratory tract. Thoracic Particulate Mass Dust particles having a 50% cut-point of 10 µm. These dust particles are hazardous when deposited anywhere in the lung airways and gas-exchange regions. Respirable Particulate Mass Dust particles having a 50% cut-point of 4 µm. These dust particles are hazardous when deposited anywhere in the gas-exchange regions.

MSHA Definition Aerodynamic diameter Percent µm passing (unit density spheres) selector 2. 0 90 2. 5 75 3. 5 50 5. 0 25 10. 0 0 *MSHA – Mine Safety and Health Administration

Inhalable Dust (Malaysian DOSH)

Respirable Dust (Malaysian DOSH)

INDOOR AIR SAMPLING (DOSH METHOD)

Respirable and Total Dust Respirable Dust Sampling Head Respirable Dust Total Dust Sampling Head Total Dust

Gas Analysis

Lead in Indoor Air

Asbestos

Guideline Base on Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (DOSH 2005) Indoor Air Contaminant Eight-hour time weighted average airborne concentration Unit ppm Carbon dioxide 1000 Carbon monoxide 10 Formaldehyde 0. 1 Respirable particulate Total Volatile organic compounds mg/m 3 0. 15 3

OSHA (USA) Limit for Air Contaminants http: //www. osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show_do cument? p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992 Total dust. . . | |. . . . | 15 mg/m 3| Respirable Fraction. . | |. . . . | 5 mg/m 3 | Further explanation by Young, J. M. (2008). Journal of Air Quality Atmosphere and Health.

Other Guideline Agency ASHARE American Society of Heating, Air conditioning & Refrigeration Engineers, US NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, US SIAQG Singapore Indoor Air Quality Guidelines WHO World Health Organization

Air Quality in Public Building

Parameter Air Quality Standard Organization 35 ppm / 40, 000 µgm-3/ as 1 hour average EPA NPAAQS 9 ppm / 10, 000 µgm-3/ as 8 hour average SIAQG Carbon Dioxide Ventilation rate/air exchange rate to achieve carbon dioxide level below 1, 000 ppm / 1800 mg m -3/ ASHRAE SIAQG Total Volatile Organic Compounds 4 ppm / 5 mgm-3/ for total VOCs AIHA 3 ppm SIAQG Ozone 0. 12 ppm / 5µgm-3/ as 1 hour average EPA NPAAQS 0. 05 ppm / 100 µgm-3/ as 8 hour average WHO ASHRAE SIAQG 150 µgm-3 as 24 hour average 50 µgm-3 as annual mean EPA NPAAQS 0. 15 mgm-3 as 24 hour average SIAQG Carbon Monoxide Respirable Suspended Particulates

Parameter Formaldehyde Air Quality Standard Organization 1 ppm OSHA 0. 4 ppm for indoor exposure ASHRAE 0. 1 ppm / 120µgm-3 SIAQG 22°C - 24°C ASHRAE 22. 5°C - 25. 5°C SIAQG 40% - 60% ASHRAE 70% SIAQG Bacteria 500 CFU/ as a maximum value WHO AIHA SIAQG Air Movement 0. 25 m/s WHO SIAQG Temperature Relative Humidity

Singapore http: //app 2. nea. gov. sg/data/cmsresource/20090618385702933220. pdf

Hong Kong Lee, S. C. , 2002

Table 1: IAQ Objectives for Office Buildings and Public Places Parameter Room Temperature Relative Humidity Unit °C 8 -hour average a Excellent Class Good Class 20 to < 25. 5 b 40 to < 70 c < 70 < 0. 2 < 0. 3 % Air movement Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Respirable Suspended Particulates (PM 10) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) Ozone (O 3) Formaldehyde (HCHO) Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) Radon (Rn) m/s < 800 ppmv μg/m 3 ppbv μg/m 3 ppbv d < 1, 000 e < 2, 000 f < 1. 7 < 20 f < 10, 000 g < 8. 7 < 180 h < 40 g < 21 < 50 f < 25 < 30 f < 24 < 200 f < 150 h < 80 < 120 g < 61 < 100 f, g < 81 < 600 f < 87 < 261 < 150 i < 200 f < 500 j, k < 1, 000 j, k 8 hrs! μg/m 3 ppbv Bq/m 3 Airborne Bacteria cfu/m 3 http: //www. iaq. gov. hk/tables. html

EEFECT OF INDOOOR AIR QUALITY

Effect of Indoor Air Pollution Silicosis - Silicosis is a form of pneumoconiosis caused by the dust of quartz and other silicates. The condition of the lungs is marked by nodular fibrosis (scarring of the lung tissue), resulting in shortness of breath. Silicosis is an irreversible disease; advanced stages are progressive even if the individual is removed from the exposure.

Black Lung - Black lung is a form of pneumoconiosis in which respirable coal dust particles accumulate in the lungs and darken the tissue. This disease is progressive. Although this disease is commonly known as black lung, its official name is coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP).

Asbestosis - Asbestosis is a form of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos fibers. This disease is also irreversible.