INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES PERCEPTION THE ORGANIZATIONS ENVIRONMENT The Individual
- Slides: 21
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES: PERCEPTION
THE ORGANIZATION’S ENVIRONMENT The Individual • Skills & Abilities • Perception • Personality • Attitudes • Values Interpersonal Influence and Group Behavior l. Group behavior and work teams l. Intergroup conflict and negotiations l. Organizational power and politics l. Communication INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE ORGANIZATION Organizational Processes l. Leadership l. Communications l. Decision making l. Reward System l. Job Design
n First law of human behavior: n n “People are different. What one person considers a golden opportunity another considers a threat. ” Caveat
Perception n n Perception is the process by which individuals make sense of their world. Individuals organize and interpret information from their environments using perceptual filters n n personality, psychology, experience, preferences, beliefs-based differences Objective vs. perceived realities
Perception n n People perceive the world uniquely Differences in perceptions can cause problems n n n Communication Conflict Motivation Judgment Decision Making
Object Perception Proximity – things close together are seen as belonging together.
Object Perception Figure-Ground: The figure and the background “switch”
Social Perception How we gather information about the social world--about peoples’ behavior, moods, motives, and traits Similar to object perception, but n People are more dynamic than objects n We’re trying to figure out intentions, motives, and causes of behavior
Attribution Why did they do that? n internal causes traits n skills n abilities n n external causes n situational constraints
4 attributions for the cause of performance Stable Internal External Unstable
How do we determine cause? (Kelley) n n n Consensus - how do others behave Consistency - this person on other occasions Distinctiveness - this person in other situations
Errors/Biases in Social Perception n Selective perception n n notice stimuli which are salient due to our interests, background, experiences Closure n n tendency to fill in the gaps when information is missing Assume what we don’t know is consistent with what we do know
Errors/Biases in Social Perception n Halo Effects n n n Contrast Stereotyping n n Impression on one dimension affects impression of unrelated dimension A person has beliefs about a class of stimulus objects and generalizes those beliefs to encounters with members of that class of objects. Primacy/Recency effects n Disproportionately high weight is given to the first/last information obtained about a stimulus
First Impressions n n n Influences what subsequent information we notice and how it is interpreted “Fill-in” information consistent with first impression Anchoring n n Confirmation Bias n n Failure to adjust for subsequent information Seek out information & perceive stimuli in ways that confirm expectations Discount contradictory information Self fulfilling prophecy (2 -way) Recency—availability bias
Errors/Biases in Social Perception n Actor-observer difference (aka “the fundamental attribution error”) n n Actors attribute their behavior to external causes Observer attribute actors’ behavior to internal cause
Errors/Biases in Social Perception n Fundamental Attribution Error n n The tendency to attribute others' bad performance to internal causes & Attribute their good performance to external causes
Errors/Biases in Social Perception n Self-serving bias n n attribute successes to ourselves - internal attribute failures to the environment – external
Performance appraisal and errors in social perception n Supervisor: n n n Subordinate: n n
Perception Implications
Guard against specific biases n Stereotypes n n n Be aware that stereotyping can occur with very little information, remain open to new information Recognize that stereotypes rarely apply to a specific individual Fundamental attribution error? Primacy/recency? Halo? Confirmation?
Perception Implications
- Perception differences
- Designing organization for international environment
- Designing organization for international environment
- Basic elements of individual behavior in organizations
- Perception and individual decision making
- Perception and decision making in organizational behavior
- Involves individual differences in behavioral styles
- Catering for individual differences
- Individual differences in sla
- Managing individual differences and behavior
- Conclusion of individual differences
- Makalah perbedaan individu dalam organisasi
- 5 principles of training
- Unit xi testing and individual differences
- Managing individual differences and behavior
- Definition of growth and development
- Gambar perbedaan individu
- Principles of training individual differences
- Individual differences in second language learning
- What are type a people
- Environment of business finance
- Adaptive organizational design