Indirect Retainers Movement of Distal Extension RPD Vertical

Indirect Retainers

Movement of Distal Extension RPD Vertical movements in 2 directions • Movement toward the ridge tissues * • Movement away from the ridge tissues (resisted by the direct retainers) Rotational movement about an axis (fulcrum line) #

Movement of Tooth-Borne RPD Usually do not exhibit rotational movements, due to their extensive tooth support. However, any Class III or Class IV RPD that has mobile abutments may exhibit rotational movements

Fulcrum Line § This axis passes through rests of the most posterior abutment teeth § The axis about which the denture will rotate when the bases move away from the residual ridge

Primary Fulcrum Lines *

Indirect Retainer The rigid components of the partial denture framework that are located on definite rests on the opposite side of the fulcrum line away from the distal extension base

Indirect Retainer Main Function • Prevent rotational displacement of denture from tissue base • Rotation occurs around rests

Indirect Retainers • Should be 90 ° from primary fulcrum line (usually most posterior rests) • As far from primary fulcrum as possible

Indirect Retainer • Should be placed as far from the distal extension base as possible in a prepared rest seat on a tooth capable of supporting its function. • Consists of one or more rests & the supporting minor connectors

Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Indirect Retainers 1. The principal occlusal rests on the primary abutment teeth must be reasonably held in their seats by the retentive arms of the direct retainers. *

Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Indirect Retainers 2. Distance from the fulcrum line a. Length of the distal extension base b. Location of the fulcrum line c. How far beyond the fulcrum line the indirect retainer is placed

Factors Influencing Effectiveness of Indirect Retainers 3. Rigidity of the connectors supporting the indirect retainer 4. Effectiveness of the supporting tooth surface Tooth inclines and weak teeth should NEVER be used to support indirect retainers.

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS OF INDIRECT RETAINERS

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS OF INDIRECT RETAINERS Reduce anteroposteriortilting leverages on the principal abutments. (especially if isolated tooth is being used as an abutment)

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS OF INDIRECT RETAINERS 2. Contact of its minor connector with axial tooth surfaces aids in stabilization against horizontal movement of the denture. May also act as auxiliary guiding planes. 3. Anterior teeth supporting indirect retainers are stabilized against lingual movement.

AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS OF INDIRECT RETAINERS 4. It may act as an auxiliary rest to support a portion of the major connector facilitating stress distribution. 5. It may provide the first visual indications for the need to reline an extension base partial denture

FORMS OF INDIRECT RETAINERS

• Although the most effective location of an indirect retainer is commonly in the vicinity of an incisor tooth, that tooth may not be strong enough to support an indirect retainer and may have steep inclines that cannot be favorably altered to support a rest.

• In such a situation, the nearest canine tooth or the mesioocclusal surface of the first premolar may be the best location for the indirect retention, despite the fact that it is not as far removed from the fulcrum line. *

Auxiliary Occlusal Rest The most commonly used indirect retainer is an auxiliary occlusal rest located on an occlusal surface and as far away from the distal extension base as possible.

K Class I arch indirect retainer • Bilateral rests on mesial marginal ridge of first premolars are quite effective, even though they are located closer to the axis of rotation *

K Class II indirect retainer On marginal ridge of first premolar tooth on the opposite side of the arch from the distal extension base Bilateral rests are seldom indicated except when an auxiliary occlusal rest is needed for support of the major connector or when the prognosis of the distal abutment is poor provision for later conversion to a Class I partial denture.

Canine Rests When the mesial marginal ridge of the first premolar is too close to the fulcrum line or when the teeth are overlapped so that the fulcrum line is not accessible, a rest may be used on the adjacent canine tooth *

Canine Extensions From Occlusal Rests Occasionally a finger extension from a premolar rest is placed on the prepared lingual slope of the adjacent canine tooth*

Cingulum Bars (Continuous Bars) and Linguoplates Cingulum bars (continuous bars) and linguoplates are not indirect retainers *

Modification Areas Occlusal rest on a secondary abutment in a Class II partial denture may serve as an indirect retainer *

Modification Areas • If the occlusal rest on the secondary abutment lies far enough from the fulcrum line, it may serve adequately as an indirect retainer. Its dual function then is tooth support for one end of the modification area and support for an indirect retainer *

Modification Areas • if only one tooth, such as a first molar, is missing on the modification side, the occlusal rest on the second premolar abutment is too close to the fulcrum line to be effective. • In such a situation, an auxiliary occlusal rest on the mesial marginal ridge of the first premolar is needed, both for indirect retention and for support for an otherwise unsupported major connector.

Modification Areas • Support for a modification area extending anteriorly to a canine abutment is obtained by any one of the accepted canine rest forms. • the canine tooth provides nearly ideal indirect retention and support for the major connector as well.

If the modification space were not present, as in an unmodified Class II arch, auxiliary occlusal rests and stabilizing components in the same position would still be essential to the design of the denture

Rugae Support ? • Tissue support is less effective than positive tooth support • Rugae coverage is undesirable if it can be avoided

Full Palatal Coverage • With any Class I maxillary RPD extending distally from the first premolar teeth, except when a maxillary torus prevents its use, palatal coverage may be used to advantage (act as indirect retainer) *