India exports cotton yarn to Japan Cotton goods

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India exports cotton yarn to Japan. Cotton goods are also exported to USA, UK,

India exports cotton yarn to Japan. Cotton goods are also exported to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka and African countries. At around 34 million, India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world; after China. India accounts for one fourth of the world trade in cotton yarn. However, India’s share in garment trade in the world is only 4%. Our spinning mills are globally competitive and can use all the fibres we produce. But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country. Problems in cotton textile industry: Erratic power supply and obsolete machinery are the major problems. Low output of labour and stiff competition; with the synthetic fibre are the other problems.

Jute Textiles India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in

Jute Textiles India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods in the world. It is the second largest exporter of jute; after Bangladesh. Most of the 70 jute mills in India are located in West Bengal; mainly along the bank of Hooghly. The jute industry is in a narrow belt which is 98 km long and 3 km wide. Location advantages of Hooghly basin: Proximity of the jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, good rail and road network, abundant water for processing raw jute and cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.

The jute industry directly supports 2. 61 lakh workers. It also supports 40 lakh

The jute industry directly supports 2. 61 lakh workers. It also supports 40 lakh small and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. Jute industry is facing challenge from synthetic fibre and also from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. But the internal demand has been rising because of government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. The National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with an objective to increase productivity, improve quality and ensure good prices for the jute farmers. Due to growing global concern for environment friendly and biodegradable material; the future of jute looks bright. USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia are the main markets.

Sugar Industry India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world. It

Sugar Industry India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world. It is the largest producer of gur and khandsari. There are over 460 sugar mills in the country. They are spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty percent mills are in UP and Bihar. This industry is seasonal and hence is more suited to the cooperative sector. In recent years, there has been a growing tendency to shift and concentrate in the southern and western states; especially in Maharashtra. The cane produced in this region has higher sucrose content. The cooler climate of this region ensures a longer crushing season. Challenges for Sugar industry: Seasonal nature of industry, old and inefficient methods of production, transport delay and the need to maximize the use of baggase are the major challenges for this industry

Iron is required for making machineries for all other industries hence it is the

Iron is required for making machineries for all other industries hence it is the basic industry. Due to this, production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development. India is 9 th among the world crude steel producers and produces 32. 8 million tons of steel. India is the largest producer of sponge iron. But per capita consumption of steel is only 32 kg per annum. Year Production (In million tonnes per annum) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 45. 7 49. 4 53. 0 57. 8 56. 6 68. 3 72. 2

At present, there are 10 primary integrated steel plants in India. Additionally, there are

At present, there are 10 primary integrated steel plants in India. Additionally, there are many mini steel plants in the country. SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) is the major public sector company in this sector, while TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is the major private sector company in this industry. Most of the iron and steel industries are in the Chhotanagpur plateau region. This region has plenty of low cost iron ore, high grade raw materials, cheap labour and good connectivity through railways and roadways.

In the 1950 s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel.

In the 1950 s China and India produced almost the same quantity of steel. Today, China is the largest producer of steel. China is also the world’s largest consumer of steel. In 2004, India was the largest exporter of steel which accounted for 2. 25 per cent of the global steel trade. Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet,

Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world yet, we are not able to perform to our full potential largely due to: (a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal (b) Lower productivity of labour (c) Irregular supply of energy and (d) Poor infrastructure. We also import good quality steel from other countries. However, the overall production of steel is sufficient to meet our domestic demand. Liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. There is a need to allocate resources for research and development to produce steel more computatitively. Reasons for underperformance of Iron and steel Industry in India: 1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal 2. Low productivity of labour 3. Erratic energy supply 4. Poor infrastructure

Aluminium Smelting Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium

Aluminium Smelting Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical industry in India. Aluminium is often turned into alloy and then used for making various products. There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in India, located in Orissa (NALCO and BALCO), West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. India produced over 600 million tones of aluminium in 2004.

Chemical Industries The chemical industry contributes about 3% to the GDP. The chemical industry

Chemical Industries The chemical industry contributes about 3% to the GDP. The chemical industry of India is the third largest in Asia and is at twelfth position in the world. Inorganic Chemicals: Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda are the inorganic chemicals. Sulphuric acid is used to manufacture fertilisers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, dye stuffs. Soda ash is used to make glass, soaps and detergents, paper, etc. Organic Chemicals: These include petrochemicals. Petrochemicals are used for manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants. The chemical industry is usually its own largest consumer. Fertiliser Industry Fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilisers. Complex fertilisers have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported because India does not have any reserves of commercially viable potash or potassium compounds. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers. There are 57 fertiliser units which manufacture nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilisers. Out of them, 29 units manufacture urea and 9 manufacture ammonium sulphate as byproduct. There 68 small units which produce single superphosphate.

Automobile Industry Almost all types of vehicles are manufactured in India. After liberalization in

Automobile Industry Almost all types of vehicles are manufactured in India. After liberalization in 1991, many automobile manufacturers set up their base in India. With the launch of contemporary models, India became an attractive market for automobiles. At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers. Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, Bangalore, Sanand, Pantnagar, etc. are the major centres of automobile industry. Information Technology and Electronics Industry Bangalore is often termed as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18 software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service and high data communication to software experts. This industry had generated a large number of employments. Upto 31 March 2005, over one million persons were employed in the IT industry. Because of fast growth of BPO (Business Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Air Pollution: High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Air Pollution: High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide create air pollution. Suspended particulate matters also create problems. Smoke is emitted from chimneys of various factories. Some industry also pose the risk of leak of hazardous chemicals; the way it happened during the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Air pollution has adverse effect on human health, animals, plants, buildings, and the atmosphere as a whole. Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause water pollution. Paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries, etc. are the main culprits of water pollution. Thermal Pollution of water: It occurs when hot water from factories or thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. This plays havoc with the aquatic life. Waste from nuclear power plants contains highly radioactive materials and it needs to be properly stored. Any leakage of radioactive material can cause short term and long term damages to humans as well as to other life forms. Noise Pollution: Noise pollution can result in constant irritation, hypertension and hearing impairment. Factory equipments, generators, electric drills, etc. are the major sources of noise pollution. Preventing Environmental Degradation by Industry: • Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in minimizing the use of freshwater. • Rainwater harvesting should be promoted. • Hot water and effluents should be treated before being released in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by biological process (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater. Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers. Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. The corporation has a pro-active

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. The corporation has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. (b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation. (c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation. (d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management. (e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.