India Adolescent Development Bentleigh Barnett Abigail Hetrick Kayte

India Adolescent Development Bentleigh Barnett, Abigail Hetrick, Kayte Reaves, and Carolyn Stephens

Culture • Capital: New Delhi • Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north • 81. 3% Hindu • Life expectancy: 66. 87 years • Caste system

Culture • Over 1600 Languages and dialects • Art is vivid and lively • Music and dance

Culture The Role of Family • It is the job of the mother to take care of the children • Children go to parents for everything

Culture

Cognitive • Aga Khan Education Services • “Lessons at all levels are facilitated through an integrated curriculum, supplemented by a variety of co-curricular activities, field trips and class projects. ” • “The children participate in number of inter-school activities such as elocutions, debates, science exhibitions, creative writing and the arts. ” http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. Kspt 58 Jbs. M

Cognitive • • “The IAMR Yearbook (2000) estimates that 10 million children aged 0 -14 are out of school and put to some work, in the home or outside”(120). “The strains of the transition to a market economy are being passed on to children and youth in India via education. (119). “For those in school, more young people are reporting signs of academic stress” (119). -Research over consequences of “education, and psychosocial well-being”(121).

Physical • • How does dietary intake affect development? Puberty: Early or Late? Sexually Active: due to early marriages? Socioeconomic level

Physical Dietary Intake • • Traditional foods Degree of poverty Amount of physical activity Presence of toxins

Physical Pubertal Onset • • Typically Early Nutrition plays a large role Under informed Side note: Middle and Upper class Indian adolescents focus more on education than reproduction • Early pregnancy and arranged marriages are more common in urban India

Physical Sexual Activity • Large emphasis on purity and chastity for adolescent girls • Comes into play after marriage • Less can be inferred for males • Median age for marriage is 16 • Cohabitation is common by age 15 • Many young women become trapped

Physical SES and Family Dynamics • Family dynamics? • Regardless of wealth, family is the most important element of life • Domestic violence is common • Heaven on Earth • Video clip: http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=k. R 8 G_iy 2 lw. I

Social Development Differences • About 445 million Children in India, most residing in slums with poor conditions • Struggle to provide for family • Lack of proper education. High drop out rates • High mortality between the ages 1 -18 years • Due to “risk factors” social development lacks in many Indian children • Children are not getting appropriate care from family, and environment • Many children are working rather than going to school or engaging in social activities

Risk Factors That Effect Social • Slums: • Malnutrition: Health Care • Overcrowding • Child Labor • Absence of Parents and Positive Affection • Dirty Water • Violence • Poor Housing Conditions

Home Life • Many parents work full time • Siblings become responsible for the care of younger siblings • No safe drinking water, and poor housing leads to bad hygiene

Child Labor Laws • As children begin to reach middle childhood and adolescents they are more than likely working in industries with harsh conditions working 12 hour days with little pay • Unregulated working conditions • Low wagers, without food • Sexual and verbal abuse • Laws are ignored, and not enforced • Undetected amounts of child labor makes this phenomenon hard to avoid • Kids drop out of school to work and provide for their families

Education • Many children are not attending school in order to provide for family • More than half drop out before completing elementary school • Lack of education leads to negative effects that can be prevented • Gender gaps- girls are less likely to attend school during grades

Prone to Disease • Due to the lack of education about nutrition • Poverty makes getting food hard • Malnutrition • Lack of proper health care • Low dietary intake • Sanitized water • Respiratory and diarrheal and polio diseases are most common among children in Slums

Child Marriage • According to UNICEF “Child marriage is linked to poverty, lack of education and above all to the entrenched social norms that push parents to marry their daughters early” • Many women are arranged into marriage before the age of 18, and ever in most extremes before the age of 16 • After marriage girls are likely not to go back to school • Pressures of household responsibilities makes married life too hard for • Expectations for child birth • Although child marriage is illegal many cases go without prosecution

References Anand, & Kulbir. (2009). Indian Culture. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http: //www. anand. to/india/culture. html Brown, B. B. , Arson, R. W. , & Saraswathi, T. S. (Eds. ). (2002). The World's Youth: Adolescence in Eight Regions of the Globe. http: //dx. doi. org 10. 1017%2 FCBO 9780511613814 Blake, S. , Chand, T. , Gupta, G. , & Miller, I. (2009, September). Starting Strong, Early Childhood Development in India. London, Europe: New Philanthropy Capital. Chaturvedi, S. , Gnanasekaran, U. K. N. , Sachdev, H. , Pandey, R. , & Bhanti, T. (1996). NUTRIENT INTAKE AMONGST ADOLESCENT GIRLS BELONGING TO POOR SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP OF RURAL AREA OF RAJASTHAN. Indian Pediatrics, 33. Culture of India. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http: //www. everyculture. com/Ge-It/India. html#b The Diamond Jubilee High School, Mumbai. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 17, 2013, from Aga Khan Schools website: http: //www. agakhanschools. org/india/djb/curriculum. asp Jasan, T. (Ed. ). (2010, August 31). CHILD Protection & Child Rights. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from Child Line website: http: //www. childlineindia. org. in/child-labour-india. htm Jejeebhoy, S. J. (n. d. ). Adolescent sexual and reproductive behavior: a review of the evidence from India. In Social Science and Medicine (pp. 1275 -1290). (Excerpted from Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 46) India Education. (2004). Retrieved April 23, 2013, from Maps of India website: http: //www. mapsofindia. com/india-education. html India - Language, Culture, Customs, and Etiquette. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http: //www. kwintessential. co. uk/resources/global-etiquette/india-country-profile. html Indian Culture. (2009). Retrieved April 24, 2013, from Embassy of India website: http: //www. indembangola. org/indianculture. html Indian Mirror. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http: //www. indianmirror. com/culture/cul 1. html Lone, A. (2012, February 9). A Child Bride Campaigns Against Child Marriage. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from UNICEF website: http: //www. unicef. org/india/reallives_7545. htm Lone, P. (2012, February 29). Getting At-Risk Children into School in the Slums of Moradabad. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from UNICEF website: http: //www. unicef. org/india/reallives_7546. htm

References Mental Health Research. (1996). The Journal of the National Center, 7(1). [Special issue]. (n. d. ). Nutritional Status of Adolescent School Children in Rural North India. Tuohiniemi, T. (2011, July 1). On Stage Against Child Marriage. Retrieved April 23, 2013, from UNICEF website: http: //www. unicef. org/india/reallives_7103. htm Walker, A. (2011, April 10). Village Self-Help Groups Keeping Children Out of Labour. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from UNICEF website: http: //www. unicef. org/india/reallives_6927. htm