Independent Learning Progress Checker Take Charge of Your

Independent Learning

Progress Checker

Take Charge of Your Learning Activities: By using this sheet every week! YES YES YES 4 1. Read the lesson materials before attending the lessons. 2. Attended the lessons 3. Fully participated and engaged in lessons. 4. Used deep processing strategies. 5. Practised retrieval and application of info 6. Self-assessed level of understanding and made notes or read additional material to clarify understanding or extend learning. Each Week: 1. YES or NO if learning activity completed or not. 2. 0 – 5 to show much you feel you have learnt for that week. 3. Maintain your file as evidence of the learning activities, including notes, answers to set questions, independent learning tasks and any additional reading

Plate Tectonics

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Name and label the major relief features of the Earth on a world map and cross-sections through the Earth’s surface 2. Name the different types of plate boundary that exist on a map of the major relief features of the Earth and indicate the direction of plate movement.

Major Relief Features of the Earth Ocean Basins • Mid-oceanic ridges • Ocean trenches • Rift valleys • Volcanic island chains • Mountain belts (volcanic island arcs) Continents • Mountain belts (non-volcanic) • Mountain belts (continental volcanic arcs) Plate Boundaries • Constructive • Destructive • Conservative

Major Relief Features of the Earth

Major Relief Features of the Earth B Cross-section 3 A Cross-section 1 B A A B Cross-section 2

Cross-section 1 A Oceanic trench Continental volcanic arc Destructive plate boundary MOR Constructive plate boundary B

Cross-section 2 A B Cross-section 2 Island arc volcano Oceanic trench Destructive plate boundary

Cross-section 3 Mountain belt (non-volcanic) Destructive plate boundary A B Cross-section 3

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Define the characteristics of the upper layers of Earth involved in plate tectonics. 2. Explain the importance of the asthenosphere in plate tectonic theory. 3. Outline theory of plate tectonics.

Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonic Theory Constructive plate margins Destructive plate margins Conservative plate margins

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Describe the relationship between seismicity, volcanicity and plate boundaries. 2. Explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes.

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the next two lessons you should be able to. . . 1. Describe the location of the Earth’s major tectonic features. 2. Explain the formation of the Earth’s major tectonic features. Ocean Basins • Mid-oceanic ridges • Ocean trenches • Rift valleys • Volcanic island chains • Mountain belts (volcanic island arcs) • Earthquakes Continents • Mountain belts (non-volcanic) • Mountain belts (continental volcanic arcs) • Earthquakes

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the next two lessons you should be able to. . . 1. Describe the location of the Earth’s major tectonic features. 2. Explain the formation of the Earth’s major tectonic features. Groups: 1 2 Meg Matty Cameron George Shannon Jack Josh Daniel 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3 Ellis Jordon James Danny 4 Liam Jake Caleb 5 Melissa Damian Eddie Constructive Plate Margin Destructive Plate Margin (continental-oceanic) Destructive Plate Margin (oceanic-oceanic) Conservative Plate Margin Intraplate (hot spots)

Plate Tectonic Theory Destructive Plate Margin Shallow focus earthquakes 0 – 70 km Benioff Zone Inclined zone where earthquakes occur Intermediate focus earthquakes 70 – 300 km Deep focus earthquakes 300 – 700 km Constructive Plate Margin Shallow focus earthquakes 0 – 70 km

Constructive Plate Margins • Low angled (< 10°) • Non-explosive (effusive) Basaltic, shield volcano Mid-Oceanic ridge Rift valley Transform fault Tectonic tremor (transform fault) 2 Tectonic tremor (normal faults) Strong, solid, brittle layer Weak, mobile, semi-molten layer (<1% molten) 3 1 Volcanic tremor (rising magma)

Evidence for Plate Tectonics Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Constructive Plate Margins Acidic magma - Rhyolitic Intermediate magma - Andesitic Basic magma - Basaltic Peridotite (Ultra-basic) Basalt Dolerite Gabbro Peridotite Partial melting Basaltic

Constructive Plate Margins

Destructive Plate Margins Subduction of denser oceanic crust Oceanic Trench Volcanic Island Arc Benioff Zone Shallow focus earthquakes Partial melting of basaltic oceanic crust Mt Pinatubo, Philippines Deep focus earthquakes Andesitic, cone-shaped volcano, explosive

Destructive Plate Margins

Conservative Plate Margins San Andreas Fault 6 cm/year 2 cm/year

Hot Spots

Plate Tectonic Theory 1. Evidence for Earth’s internal heat energy: • volcanoes 3. How is heat transferred from Earth interior? : • hot springs • conduction • deep mines • convection 2. Causes for Earth’s internal heat energy: • radioactive decay in the mantle & crust • iron crystallisation in core • residual heat from Earth formation 4. What is theory of plate tectonics? : • The upper part of the mantle and overlying crust form the rigid lithosphere. • The lithosphere is split up into 7 large and many smaller sections known as lithospheric plates. • These plates are underlain by a semimobile zone in the upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. • Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move over the asthenosphere, either moving apart, together or against each other.

Earth’s Major Features and Plate Tectonics Destructive Plate Margin Constructive Plate Margin MOR Oceanic Trench Continental Volcano Oceanic Crust Continental Crust ab tin g Sl Be nio ff Lithosphere uc bd Asthenosphere Su Hy d ra tio n M elt ing Lithosphere Zo ne Andesitic Magma Asthenosphere Basaltic Magma Decompression Melting

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. 2. Plan a response to an exam essay question.

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. 2. Plan a response to an exam essay question. 1 Abigail Dan W Nathan 2 Hannah Ayaz Kieran 3 Luke Amanda Dan H 4 Vicki Jack Bob 5 Grace Sam David A. Magnetic Inclination B. Apparent Polar Wandering Curves C. Magnetic Anomalies in the Oceanic Crust

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson you should be able to. . . 1. Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. 2. Plan a response to an exam essay question. Outline how palaeomagnetism can be used to plot plate movements over time. (25 marks)

st 1 Monday October

1. 4. 6. 2. 3. 5. Put these 8 images in order to explain palaeomagnetism. 7. 8.

Palaeomagnetism • Earth’s magnetic field • Liquid basalt • Iron minerals in basalt e. g. magnetite • Basalt cools below Curie point (< 570° C for magnetite) • Rotate & align with magnetic field • Remain in this position after magma cools – remnant magnetism • Apparent polar wandering curves • Magnetic inclination gives latitude of erupted basalt • Magnetic reversals • New magnetite minerals magma iron aligns in different direction • Magnetic anomalies at constructive plate margins

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Magnetic Anomalies at MOR

Magnetic Anomalies at MOR 60 km Calculate the rate the oceanic crust is moving away from the MOR. Your answer should be in mm/year.

Earth’s Magnetic Field Earth’s magnetic field Orientation of magnetic iron minerals in lavas formed at different latitudes Latitude Magnetic Angle 0° 0° 30° 50° 60° 70° 90°

Magnetic Anomalies

Earth’s Magnetic Field & Plate Tectonics

Sediment Basaltic pillow lavas & dolerite dykes Gabbro

Eruption Type Effusive Composition (Acid/Basic) Viscosity (High/Low) Temperature Main Products Plate Location Explosive

• Mid-oceanic ridges • Partial melting (twice) • Oceanic trench • Basaltic magma • Oceanic lithosphere • Andesitic magma • Continental lithosphere • Gabbro • Subducting plate • Dolerite dykes • Benioff zone • Basaltic pillow lavas • Oceanic crust • Sediment • Continental crust • Shield volcano • Asthenosphere • Cone-shaped volcano • Moho • Slab pull/ridge push Heat flow (m. W /m²) 50 60 70 120 180 70 40 20 40 50 60 75 295 100 70 60 Km 0 10 18 20 23 30 40 45 50 60 70 85 90 93 95 100

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Evidence for Plate Tectonics

Temperature Variation within Earth’s Interior Depth (km) Geotherm (°C) Melting point of Peridotite (°C) 0 50 200 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 15 1250 1450 1900 2500 3250 4000 4250 1200 1350 1600 2100 3000 3600 3850 4050 4200 4500

Temperature Variation within Earth’s Interior Temperature (°C) Asthenosphere (semi-solid) Depth (km) Mesosphere (solid) Outer Core (liquid) Inner Core (solid)

Temperature Variation within Earth’s Interior Temperature (°C) Lithosphere (solid) Asthenosphere (semi-solid) Geotherm Depth (km) Melting curve Mesosphere (solid) Outer Core (liquid) Where does this heat come from? • Radiogenic heat Inner Core (solid) • Primordial heat

Plate Tectonic Theory • What? • Why? • Where? • Who? • When? • How? • Which?

Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonic Theory

Plate Tectonic Theory