INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA o By

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA o. By the 20 th century, European powers had colonized the majority of Africa. o. The only independent countries were Liberia and Ethiopia. o. Nationalism, a feeling of strong pride for one’s country, fed the desire for independence from foreign rule. o. Africans wanted to take control of their own governments and natural resources.

PAN AFRICAN MOVEMENT Pan African Movement: (1) Wanted cultural unity and equality for everyone of African heritage (2) Wanted an end of European control over Africa (3) Wanted Africa to become a homeland for all people of African descent.

NATIONALISM & INDEPENDENCE o. European powers had colonies in Africa and Asia o. Great Britain controlled: India, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt and Sudan o. France controlled Vietnam & most of W. Africa o. Feelings of nationalism and the Pan African movement led to demands of independence by many African countries from European powers

SOUTH AFRICA In 1910, Great Britain established the Union of South Africa, and power was only given to whites. In 1948, a new political party, the National Party, came to power and enforced the policy of apartheid through legislation across South Africa. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation.

SOUTH AFRICA Apartheid allowed many Europeans to grow wealthy and powerful, while millions of South Africans suffered. In 1951, European government officials created the Bantu Authorities Act, which created “homelands” for black South Africans. At this time, whites owned 80% of the land, although they only represented 10% of the population.

SOUTH AFRICA South Africa’s National Party, which was whiteonly and in favor of apartheid, had a goal to gain independence from Great Britain. In a white-only election in 1960, voters approved independence. On May 31, 1961, the Republic of South Africa gained its independence from Britain. It took years of protests, several more decades, Nelson Mandela was South and a change of government leaders before blacks Africa's first black chief began to have a role in the government of South executive, and the first elected in a fully representative Africa. democratic election (1994).

Republic of Kenya

KENYA The Mau was a secret society that believed force was the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence.

KENYA Kenyans were tired of being treated unfairly, and it was time for a change. For several decades, small bands of armed resistance forces (guerillas) fought to eliminate white settlers in Kenya, as well as any Africans who sided with them. Great Britain began to rethinking its policy on colonization, and on December 12 th, 1963, the British Empire granted Kenya its independence.

KENYA Jomo Kenyatta -- The first president and “founding father” of Kenya.

THE END By 1966, all but six African countries were independent nation-states. Unfortunately, once the countries were independent of European rule, they still faced many challenges. Many of the new governments were politically unstable. In some African countries, military dictators took over the governments. Continued conflict over who should rule after European Independence.

AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE DATES

ITS TIME FOR INDEPENDENCE! o. You are all leaders, lawyers, and working class citizens from countries in Africa o. Europeans are in total control of your country—you cannot vote, run for office, you are paid low wages in comparison to white Africans, and your culture is NOT respected o. The Pan-African movement is underway and feelings of nationalism are leading people to demand independence from colonial rule o. How will you achieve independence? ? ? Through violence or nonviolence?

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA RESPOND TO EACH QUESTION IN A COMPLETE SENTENCE! 1. Which European country has dominated your African country? (maps on pages: 191 & 166) 2. What are three (3) reasons why your country wants independence from European control? (On pages 194 -195, you will find some reasons) 3. Which approach you will take: violent or non-violent? Explain how and why you will use this approach (Write a detailed paragraph explaining your position) 4. Create a flyer, convincing the people of your country to join your independence movement!

EGYPT

SOUTH AFRICA

KENYA

ALGERIA

NIGERIA

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

SUDAN