In the name of Allah the most beneficent

In the name of Allah, the most beneficent, the most merciful 1

Silent Letters & Alphabet ‘C’ (Mischievous Specters & A Chameleon) Ø Silent letter: A letter that does not correspond to any sound in the pronunciation of a word but essentially is a part of spelling sequence. E. g. palm, psalm, design, gnome etc Ø Dummy letter: A letter which bears no relation to neighboring letter and has no correspondence to pronunciation. E. g. damn, phlegm etc Ø Empty letter: word. A letter which never has a sound in a Ø E. g. answer, honest, Island, subtle, debt etc ‘C’ is the most troublesome letter in English language 2

Alphabet ‘C’ (Mischievous Specter and A Chameleon) ØThe Letter ‘C’: The most troublesome alphabet that has many shades and is the root cause of poor pronunciation of over thousands of words. The most common shades include soft and hard aspects. Ø when soft the sound starts with ‘C’ Ø when hard the sound starts with ‘K’. Ø However in the words having ‘ch/tch’, the sound starts with /t∫/. Ø when word sequence has ‘sh/sch’, the sound is /∫/, whereas in many words it behaves as a silent letter, an idle spectator playing no part in the pronunciation of 3 those words.

Alphabet ‘C’ (Mischievous Specter and A Chameleon) The Shades of Letter ‘C’ ØIn words of Greek / Italian origin and their derivatives, it is hard, ‘k’ sound. ØIn words of French Origin and their derivatives, it’s sound turn into, ‘sh’, ‘sch’ /∫/. ØIn certain native words and mostly in Borrowings, it is silent. ØIn most of the native words starting with ‘ch’, it’s sounds is /t∫/. 4

Shades of letter ‘c’ (S soft)/s/ Racist Tacit Faces choice lace thrice trace malice space Ch/tch /t∫/ Change chase Such batch birches chaff search charm church K /k/ Cattle chasm epoch scum scheme character educater Sh /∫/ Charade chalet ocean ricochet racial patio chef chivalry shame silent Muscle scenario socks check duck knack scissors scenic 5

Silent Letters with Examples Ø Behavior of ‘G’ Ø It has two shades i. e. soft and hard. It is soft before ‘E’, ‘I’, ‘G’ and hard otherwise. Ø Soft (J-Sound): Age, Cage, Gill, Gesture, Turgid, Orgy, Ting, Fringe, Plunge, Impinge, Large, Longevity, Mirage, Merge, Courage, College, Barge Ø Hard (G-Sound): Game, Guest, Dug, Flog, Mug, Smug, Gait, Gush, Goulash, Glide, Plug, Slug, Hug, Jug, Mugger, Muggy, Buggy, Gate, Bag, Bug Ø ‘G’ is silent in spelling sequence / ’gn’, ‘gh, ’gm’/ Ø ‘Gn’ Silent: Sign, gnome, champagne, feign, gneiss, gnaw, gnash, gnosis, genetic, gnu (African deer) Gnarl, design, foreigner Ø ‘Gh’ Silent: daughter, through, thought, light, might, right, fight, weigh Ø ‘Gm’ Silent: phlegm 6

Silent Letters with Examples Ø ‘B’ is always silent in the spelling sequence, where consonant ‘M’ precedes consonant ‘B’. Ø crumb, climbing, thumb, lamb, limb, plumber, bomb, tomb, climb, dumb, comb etc Ø ‘B’ is always silent in the spelling sequence, where it precedes consonant ‘T’. Ø Subtle, indebt, doubt etc Ø ‘D’ is always silent in the spelling sequence ‘dj’ & ‘dg’ occurring in the words before vowel ‘e’. Ø Hodge, badge, knowledge, hedge, wedge, lodge, dodge etc Ø Adjutant, adjourn, adjective etc Ø Miscellaneous: Wednesday, handsome, sandwich, handkerchief etc Ø T’ Silent Ø Match, castle, Christmas, listen, soften, butcher, fasten, whistle, thistle etc 7

Silent Letters with Examples Ø ‘L’ Silent Ø Palm, calm, alm. Almond, salmon, talk, walk, half, would. Should, etc Ø ‘H’ Silent Ø If ‘H’ is at the beginning of a word, it comes from French pronunciation and is silent. Ø Hour, honest, honour, heir, herb etc Ø It is also silent in the spelling sequence of ‘gh’ Ø Ghost, ghetto, aghast, ghastly etc Ø ‘K’ Silent Ø ‘K’ is always silent in the words having initial spelling sequence ‘kn’. Ø Knife, knee, know, knock, knowledge, knob, knave etc 8

Silent Words with Examples Ø ‘N’ Silent Ø Autumn, hymn etc Ø ‘P’ is always silent in the words having prefix, ‘psych’ & ‘pneu’. Ø Psychology, pneumonia, psychiatrist, psychotherapy etc Ø ‘S’ Silent Ø Island, isle etc Ø ‘U’ is always silent in words starting with ‘g’. Ø Guess, guide, guitar etc 9

BRITISH RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION (BRP) 10

British Received Pronunciation(BRP) Ø Ø Ø The Standard Accent The Queen’s English The King’s English The Oxford English The BBC English 11

Why to Learn BRP • To improve Communication Skills (Receptive Skills & Productive Skills) • For easy consultation of dictionary • For better comprehension and response to learning and life • To avoid embarrassment • To be understood better • To familiarize with the standard lexicon in use so as to gain fluency in speech and be at par. 12

Historical Perspective • Peter Du Ponceau(1760 -1844) who used the term earlier in 1818 and later was used by Alexander John Ellis(1814 -1890) in 1869. • Some linguists called it “Received Standard” • H. G. Fowler termed it “The Received Pronunciation” • Credited to Daniel Jones(1881 -1967) in 1917. • Commonly used and accepted accent of people in Great Britian. 13

Definition and Forms of BRP • BRP: A form of pronunciation, an accent and a register, rather than a dialect , a prestigious form of speech, mostly spoken and used by people in all spheres of life. • Conservative • General • Advanced Refers to a traditional accent Neutral accent Speech of younger generations • A mixture of London speech based on the Southern accent with elements from East Midlands, Middlesex, and Essex. 14

Examples of BRP • Set-A Aisle, ache, almond, cloche, clothe, either, neither arch, arc, swathe, wry, monsoon, visage, façade, patio chalet, epitome, solace, asthma, facile, seismic, nicotine, genuine, cabaret, bronchitis, sachet etc. • Set-B Sunbathing, bouquet, buffet, coup, feign, pseudo, parley, cuckoo, spinach, epoch, archive, anarchy, monarchy, hierarchy, racial, chameleon, phlegm, malign, alkaline, submarine, Iodine, gratuity, collage, cadre, anorexia, billow, chant etc. 15

SPEECH DISORDERS 16

§Speech Disorders §Articulation Disorders §Phonological Disorders §Mispronunciation or difficulty §with particular phonemes §Omissions §Distortions §Substitution §Sound substitution difficulties §Cluster Reduction §Final Consonant Deleti §Velor Fronting §Stopping 17 §Liquid Glides

Speech Disorders (Cont’d) • Aphasia: A generic term used for the impairment of language ability and ranges from having difficulty in remembering words to being completely unable to speak, read, or write • Dyslexia: A generic term that refers to learning disability which impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy. It implies inability to read, difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory or rapid naming. • Aphonia: Loss of voice resulting from disease, injury to the vocal cords or psychological causes such as hysteria, trauma etc • Asemia: Inability of comprehend or use communicative symbols as words or gestures 18

TIPS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION Ø Train yourself to easily and comfortably speak correct English with an educated accent. Ø Observe the trained/native speakers while they speak, note the movements of their lips and tongue and try to imitate them. Ø Speak simple and slow with clarity so that everything you say is understood. Ø Familiarize yourself with the English phonetics and always look up for the correct sounds in the dictionary 19

TIPS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION (Cont’d) Ø Focus on ‘S’ and ‘ED’ endings as these give good exercise to the mouth muscles and strengthen them for better speech. Ø Try and eliminate mother tongue influence that undermines your conversational skills and at times cast embarrassment. Ø Familiarize yourself with verities of English language, know the English dialects spoken by educated class and improve your speech accordingly. Ø List the frequently used words having difficult pronunciation or those falling within British Received Pronunciation (BPR). Listen and practice them. 20

TIPS TO IMPROVE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION (Cont’d) Ø Read aloud a passage or two every day to re-orientate your organs of speech to tune and adapt to the English language sounds. Ø Remember patience and practice pave the way for better results in speech/accent training. Ø Watch the English news on TV channels, develop the habit of sitting and listening to CNN, BBC, Fox News, Star World, PTV News and Star Movies/HBO etc. Ø While watching TV or enjoying a documentary or any favorite English program, observe the mouth movements of the speakers. Try and imitate the intonation and rhythm of their speech. 21

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LEXICOLOGY Class of Words Formation of Words Derivation Etymology Philology Compounding Suffixation Coinage Prefixation Back Formation Affixation Blending Acronyms 23

Cont’d CLASS OF WORDS Antonyms Lexicology Homonyms Implicit Homophones Complementary Homographs Converse Synonyms Alliterative Verb Ph Adv Ph Polynyms Paronyms Prep Ph Ajd Ph Idioms/Phrases Noun Ph 24

SHADES OF “C” Allotropic Character “CH” Soft “S” In native words “CH/TCH” “SH/SCH” In words of French Origin & their derivatives Hard “K” Silent In native words & Borrowings In words of Greek/Italian origin & their derivatives 25

Urdu English Sound ﭺ Ch/tch ʧ ﺵ / ﺱ Sh/sch ʃ ﮒ G ʤ ﺝ J j ﺗﮬ Th ɵ ﺟﮬ J ɚ 28

The Limbs of English Language The English Language 29

English Sounds 30

ORGANS OF SPEECH § Organs of § Speech § Lungs/Trachea § (Pulmonic Tube) § Throat § Pharynx § Nose § Mouth § Larynx § Vocal cords § (Folds) § Lips § Epiglottis § Teeth § Palate § Alevolar § Ridge § Hard Palate § Soft Palate § Tongue § Tip § Blade § Front § Back 31

CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS (Based On Articulation) § Classification § of Sounds § Obstruents § Sonorents § Stops (Plosives) § Nasals § Fricatives § Liquids § Affricates § Glides 32

The organs involved in the production of speech sound are known as Organs of Speech Vocal Tract Pharynx (Throat /Adam’s Apple) Lungs (Bronchial Tubes / Trachea / Wind Pipe) Oral Cavity (Mouth) Nasal Cavity (Nose) 33

THANK YOU 34