In response to the paradigma shift FROM SURVIVAL

In response to the paradigma shift FROM SURVIVAL TO QUALITY OF LIFE (the greatest ever) : a progressive evolutionary worldview ECCO Jan. 25 th 2007 Jan Bernheim Vrije Universiteit Brussel jan. bernheim@vub. ac. be

A poorly prepared project takes three times as long as planned A well prepared project takes twice as long as planned

Abraham Maslow’s Pyramid of Human needs

The greatest paradigma shift ever: FROM SURVIVAL TO QUALITY OF LIFE

Suffering as the default state of the human condition • Nature is indifferent to suffering: only survival matters • Examples: spider wasps, predators • Escapisms: renunciation (oriental philosophies) or metaphysical transcendency (religions, mysticism, the eternal life of the soul…)

Challenges 1/4 • The old discourses, religions and communism, for example, are discredited. • Richard Dawkins (The Delusion of Religion, 2006) : religions are pernicious because: - Fallacious - Calamitous - Obstructive for progress

President Bush says God talks to him. If he had said it was through his hairdryer, there would have been a national emergency. I for one don’t see what the hairdryer adds to the ridicule of the situation Sam Harris In: Letter to a Christian Nation 2006

Pros and cons of religions • “Good people do good things and bad people do bad things. But for good people tot do bad things, it takes religion. ” Stephen Weinberg • “And for bad people to do good things also that takes religion. ” Freeman Dyson

CHALLENGES 2/4 • The old discourses filled needs. Their discredit leaves voids: Believers are happier, give more to charities… Unbelievers know better what they don’t believe than what they do believe. A world without God is cold and gloomy, without transcendence. Can one replace religions by a scientific worldview that would be at least as satisfying?

Challenges 3/4 Alternatives to the great discourses? • Grotesque worldviews (fundamentalisms, New Age…)? • Relativisms? • Consumerism and Postmodernism: vacuity as a worldview.

Challenge 4/4 • From heteronomous (communitarianisms, authoritarianisms), humans have become autonomous • ( individualism). (Also according to modern christians, e. g. Roger Lenaerts S. J. : De droom van Nebuchadnezar, Lannoo, 2004)

What after the grand discourses? Alternative philosophical strategies : • No worldview The end of History (Fukuyama) • Postmodern Relativism Two separate worlds: Material (life IN the world) Spiritual (religions, belief in belief , New Age …) One world

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

Objective • Can we, following Leo Apostel, construct a contemporary worldview based on the sciences and multidisciplinarity? • Let’s rise to the challenge: the Darwinian (~ matter) and historical (~ time) perspectives lead to a progressive evolutionary worldview

Evolutionary Theory : short instructions for the user 1/3 • 1) variation and 2) selection of better fit variants – Evolution is both conservative and progressive: what works well persists and what works better is selected. – It obtains for both genes (units of biological transmission) and for memes (units of cultural transmission) – Fitness for what? For capacity of survival and procreation

Evolutionary Theory : short instructions for the user 2/3 • The two imperatives of de existence are: SURVIVAL and PROCREATION • In a competitive world, with limited resources, the two survival strategies for which we were selected are : - agression - egoism and - co-operation - altruism

Avatars of Aggressivity • • violence, elimination, appropriation, submission, exclusion, exploitation of nature and humans. .

Avatars of co-operation • • • Kindness, friendship, love (in that order), solidarity, compassion, care (in that order), benevolence, helpfulness credibility, justice in short: what we call the VIRTUES, a universal ethics, “secular humanism”, the interreligious common language proposed by the catholic ethicist Tristram Engelhardt MD.

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

Agression and co-operation as survival strategies • A mix of both strategies is necessary for survival. • Problem: Our genes by and large are those of the hunters- gatherers of 10. 000 years ago, selected for what THEN was the best mix of agression and co-operation: we’re ‘misfits’, poorly adapted to the present world, which is far more complex.

An ETHICS Behavioural mix adapted to society AGGRESSION CO-OPERATION Time, Complexity

CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY • The more complex a society, the more opportunity for aggression & co-operation, • More interactions = more feedback aggression inhibited co-operation rewarded

An ETHICS AGGRESSION Acceleration CO-OPERATION Time, Complexity Behavioural mix adapted to society

How do we cope with our genetic misfitness? • We compensate for our obsolete genes by memes: horizontally and vertically transmissible cultural factors, such as: behaviours, judeo-christian norms et laws or secular humanistic principles. . . • Civilisation is a means to cope with our obsolete genes.

An ETHICS Behaviou ral mix adapted to society AGRESSION Genetic mix CO-OPERATION Time, Complexity

An ETHICS AGRESSION Behaviou ral mix adapted for society CULTUREL AJUSTMENT NEEDS Genetic mix CO-OPERATION Time, Complexity

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

An ONTOGENESIS: where do we come from? Ontogenesis repeats phylogenesis / development reiterates history (Haeckel’s law) – For anatomy – In the mental and behavioral realm: developmental psychology – For societies and civilisations: modernity versus the anteriority (not inferiority!) of alternative societal models

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

The purpose of life? : an AXIOLOGY • From survival to QOL: the greatest revolution ever • Its utilitarian ethics, suffering and enjoyment as the measure of all things (JS Mill, J. Bentham, Peter Singer, …) also provides the purpose of life: maximising the ratio of enjoyment and suffering

Definitions of Happiness • Relativistic, from Aristotle to postmodernism • Escapistic • Evolutionary: sustainable pleasure, i. e. the feeling one has when the indicators for satisfaction of needs are favourable : food, shelter, love, growth and (Maslow!) selfactualisation

A tall order: to measure subjective well-being, the perception quality of life i. e. To quantify what is qualitative To make objective what is subjective

Mesurer ce qui est mesurable, et rendre mesurable ce qui ne l’ est pas. René Descartes

Conventional question versus Anamnestic Comparative Self Assessment (ACSA). Which global question is better suited? Conventional Question (CQ) Biographical Question (ACSA) OR

Examples of sequential ACSA measures during disease • Bernheim, J. L. , and M. Buyse: 1984, J. Psychosoc. Oncol. 1. 25‑ 38

Discrimination (inter-group comparisons) & Sensitivity to objective change (after life- and QOL-saving transplantation in End-Stage-Liver Disease )

The distribution of happiness in the world

This was a snapshot. Next question: does happiness progress?

OBJECTIVE indicators of (SUBJECTIVE) happiness • • Health Wealth Security Liberties Equality Tolerance Information, knowledge In short: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Are these indicators - stable? - in regression? - in progress?

Liberties, Self-determination and Control • Over death: palliative care and euthanasia.

Liberties, Self-determination and Control • Over death: palliative care and euthanasia. • Over procreation. • Over sex life. • Over partner choice.

CONCLUSION Yes, if • Happiness is the highest good, • And the evolution of the objective conditions for happiness is the indicator of progress, • then there is objective progress.

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

Maslow’s Pyramid of Human Needs

How do we live? A political-economical PRAXEOLOGY • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : condition of happiness • NEW phenomena : -> the entrance of ethics in Realpolitik -> intolerance for unhappiness -> the extinction of generation conflicts

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxeology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

The progressive evolutionary worldview in everyday life: a LIFE PRAXIS • Good deeds: in complex systems, small actions may have great consequences. • Hope is a rationel use of probability / Risk acceptation • It is highly irrationnal not to take emotions into account

What to expect from a worldview : help in confronting the big questions • • • What exists? : an ontology Where do things come from? : an ontogenesis The purpose of life? : an axiology Where are we going? : a futurology Truth and un-truth? : an epistemology How to live in uncertainty? a life praxis An explanation of behaviours? : a praxiology Good and bad? : an ethics A rational framework for emotions and mysteries

Scientific Emotionality, evolutionary spirituality. From Spinoza to Teilhard to Apostel 1/2 • Feeling the presence of God • Feeling the world becoming ever more complex, and entropy decreasing • Feeling deep peace and harmony • Profound satisfaction with the reality of progress and our place as the temporary endpoint of the evolution of living beings at the heart of the continuum between elementary particles and the universe • A wish to come closer to God • Wish to understand ever more about the cosmos, nature and ourselves

A progressive evolutionary worldview Provides • Not a road, but a roadmap • Not roots, but a GPS • Not a destination, but reference points (you need lighthouses, but the last thing you want to do is head for them)