In Class Today 1 Discuss Skeletal System Peer

In Class Today: 1. Discuss: Skeletal System Peer Grading Quiz. 2. Bones : Class Reporting/ Presentation. ü Bone assignment ü Class Presentation will start next class. 3. Worksheet from last class: The Skeletal System Overview- Get it stamped. 4. Start working on your bone report today.

Bell Work: 01/11/11 1. Name 5 paired bones and 5 unpaired bones in axial skeleton. Part I: Skeletal System: Bone and it’s structure QUIZ ( open notes)

In Class Today: Quiz on bones using Peer Grading • Using peer pressure in a positive way. • Each week, a 15 -minute test ( 25 -30 bones) on skeletal system/ bones will be given. • When the quiz is done, papers will be collected and will be handed for correction. Each one will correct another person’s paper. • Mark the answers that are wrong, and to put in the correct answers. • This will continue on a weekly basis and your performance will be graph, to show your progress.

Bell work question of the day! (01/20/12) Explain: Why are pregnant women given calcium supplements and encourage to drink milk even though their skeletons are fully formed? Ans. Pregnant women need a large amounts of calcium to support bone growth in the developing fetus. If an expectant mother does not take in enough calcium in her diet , her body will mobilize the calcium reserves of her own skeleton to provide for the needs of the fetus, resulting in weakened bones and increased risk of fracture.

Bell Work question of the day! 6/11 01/5 - 1. Describe the skeletal system as to its important function. Briefly explain each function and /or give specific example of each function.

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4 th Edition Martini / Bartholomew 6 The Skeletal System Power. Point® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University Slides 1 to 137 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System The skeletal system includes: • Bones • Cartilages • Joints • Ligaments • Other connective tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System Functions of the Skeletal System • Support against gravity • Storage • Calcium, phosphorous • Fat, stored in the marrow • Blood cell production • Protection of soft internal organs • Leverage for muscle action Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Structure of Bone (also known Osseous Tissue) v. Specialized cells Ø 2% of bone weight v. Strong flexible matrix v. Collagen fibers Ø 3% of bone weight v. Calcium phosphate crystals ØTwo-thirds of bone weight Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Structure of Bone Macroscopic Features of Bone • General shapes of bones • Long bones (e. g. , humerus)longer than wide • Short bones (e. g. carpal bones)dimensions roughly equal • Flat bones (e. g. , parietal bone) thin & broad • Irregular bones (e. g. vertebra)complex shape Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Macroscopic Features of Bone General Shapes: Long bones (e. g. , humerus)

Short bones (e. g. , carpal bones)

Flat bones (e. g. , parietal bone)

Irregular bones (e. g. , vertebra)

Other shape of the bones: 1. Sesamoid bones= are embedded in the tendons at articulation and its number varies between individuals. Ex: Patella ( found in all individuals) 2. Sutural Bones= develop between the joints ( sutures) of the cranial bones. This number also varies between individuals.

Features in a Long Bone ( Humerus) DIAPHYSIScentral shaft, surrounds thel central marrow cavity which contains the bone marrow.

Features in a Long Bone ( Humerus) Proximal Epiphysisexpanded portions at each end, covered by the articular cartilage Distal Epiphysis

Features in a Long Bone ( Humerus) Articular cartilage

Features in a Long Bone ( Humerus) Endosteuminternal lining of the marrow cavity Periosteum- outer surface covering, provides route circulatory and nervous supplies, participate in bone growth and repair

Features in a Long Bone ( Humerus) Spongy Bone Blood Vessels Epiphyseal Line Marrow cavity Compact bone

Microscopic Features of Bone Periosteum • Outer fibrous layer • Inner cellular layer

Microscopic Features of Bone Spongy Bone contains OSTEOCYTES Compact Bone • Within lacunae (holes) in matrix • Between lamellae of matrix

Microscopic Features of Bone Microscopic Differences between compact bone and spongy bone Compact Bone Spongy Bone • has Osteons ( basic functional unit of the bone) • has central canal where osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers • Has perforating canalpassageways of the blood vessels • Covers bone surface everywhere except inside the joint capsules • usually found in areas where stress comes from limited direction • has Osteons • different lamellar arrangement • it has trabeculae ( wall) branching and create an open network • found in areas where bones are not heavily stress • much lighter than compact bone

The Structure of Bone Structure of a Typical Bone Figure 6 -3(a)

The Structure of Bone Structure of a Typical Bone Figure 6 -3(b)

The Structure of Bone Cells in Bone • Osteocytes • Mature bone cells between lamellae, maintain normal bone structure • Osteoclasts ( break) , giant cells • Source of acid, enzymes for osteolysis or resorption • Calcium and phosphate homeostasis • Osteoblasts ( precursor) • Responsible for osteogenesis (new bone) • Source of collagen, calcium salts Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Formation and Growth Osteogenesis- production of new bone Ossification- the process of replacing other tissues with bone Calcification- process of calcium deposition 2 types of Ossification: 1. Intramembranous Ossification-embryonic or fetal • Forms flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle • Stem cells differentiate to osteoblasts • Produces spongy bone, then compact bone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Formation and Growth Bone Formation in 16 -Week-Old Fetus Figure 6 -4

Bone Formation and Growth 2. Endochondral Ossification • • Most bones formed this way Cartilage model replaced by bone Replacement begins in middle (diaphysis) Replacement follows in ends (epiphyses) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies. Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center. Enlarging chondrocytes within calcifying matrix Epiphysis Diaphysis Marrow cavity Primary ossification center Bone formation Blood vessel Cartilage model Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -5 4 of 6

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies. Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center. The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone. Enlarging chondrocytes within calcifying matrix Epiphysis Diaphysis Marrow cavity Primary ossification center Bone formation Blood vessel Marrow cavity Blood vessel Cartilage model Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -5 5 of 6

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies. Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone. Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center. The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone. Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification. Articular cartilage Enlarging chondrocytes within calcifying matrix Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal cartilage Marrow cavity Primary ossification center Bone formation Blood vessel Marrow cavity Blood vessel Secondary ossification center Cartilage model PLAY Endochondral Ossification Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -5 6 of 6

Bone Formation and Growth Appositional Bone Growth Figure 6 -6

Bone Formation and Growth Requirements for Normal Bone Growth • Minerals • Calcium, phosphate • Vitamins • Vitamin D 3 • Vitamin C • Vitamin A • Hormones • Growth Hormone • Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, others Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis Role of Remodeling in Support • Remodeling—Continuous breakdown and reforming of bone tissue • Shapes reflect applied loads • Mineral turnover enables adapting to new stresses Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis Key Note What you don’t use, you lose. The stresses applied to bones during exercise are essential to maintaining bone strength and bone mass Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis and Mineral Storage • Bones store calcium • Contain 99% of body calcium • Store up to two kg calcium • Hormones control storage/release • PTH, calcitriol release bone calcium • Calcitonin stores bone calcium • Blood levels kept constant Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis Injury and Repair • Fracture—A crack or break in a bone • Steps in fracture repair • Fracture hematoma • Mitoses in periosteum, endosteum • Internal callus • External callus • Bone remodeling Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops. Bone fragments An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges. Spongy bone Cartilage of internal of external callus The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced. External callus Fracture hematoma Dead bone A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain. New bone Periosteum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Internal callus External callus Figure 6 -7 1 of 5

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops. Bone fragments Fracture hematoma Dead bone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -7 2 of 5

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops. Bone fragments An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges. Spongy bone Cartilage of internal of external callus Fracture hematoma Dead bone New bone Periosteum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -7 3 of 5

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops. Bone fragments An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges. Spongy bone Cartilage of internal of external callus The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced. Fracture hematoma Dead bone New bone Periosteum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Internal callus External callus Figure 6 -7 4 of 5

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops. Bone fragments An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges. Spongy bone Cartilage of internal of external callus The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced. External callus Fracture hematoma Dead bone PLAY A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain. New bone Periosteum Internal callus Steps in the Repair of a Fracture Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings External callus Figure 6 -7 5 of 5

Aging and the Skeletal System Osteopenia—Less than normal ossification (mineral content) in bone • Osteopenia starts before age 40 • Women lose 8% per decade • Men lose 3% per decade • Spongy bone most affected • Epiphyses • Vertebrae • Jaws Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bell Work question 01/12/11 Name three types of bone cell and tell their differences. 1.

Bell Work question 01/14/11 1. Describe the two skeletal division as to their total number of bones and important functions.

In Class Today: 1. Discuss: Skeletal System Peer Grading Quiz. 2. Bones : Class Reporting/ Presentation. ü Bone assignment ü Class Presentation will start next class. 3. Worksheet from last class: The Skeletal System Overview- Get it stamped. 4. Start working on your bone report today.

In Class Today: Quiz on bones using Peer Grading • Using peer pressure in a positive way. • Each week, a 15 -minute test ( 25 -30 bones) on skeletal system/ bones will be given. • When the quiz is done, papers will be collected and will be handed for correction. Each one will correct another person’s paper. • Mark the answers that are wrong, and to put in the correct answers. • This will continue on a weekly basis and your performance will be graph, to show your progress.

An Overview of the Skeleton Bone Markings ( Surface features)= characteristics of bones both internally and externally. Example: Elevation or projections- forms where tendons and ligaments attach and where adjacent bone articulates. • process- any projection or bump ex. Temporal process of zygomatic bone form the cheek bone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

An overview of the skeleton Depression and opening- indicates the site where the blood vessels and nerves run along side or penetrate the bone. Ex: Fossa- a shallow depression • subscapular fossa- the depression in the anterior surface of the body of the scapula.

An Overview of the Skeleton • Tuberosity • Condyle • Trochlea • Facet • Fossa • Foramen • Sinus

An Overview of the Skeleton Surface Features of Bones Table 6 -1 (1 of 2)

An Overview of the Skeleton Surface Features of Bones Table 6 -1 (2 of 2)

An Overview of the Skeleton Skeletal Division • Axial skeleton v forms the longitudinal axis of the body v 80 bones • Skull- 22 bones Ø associated bones – auditory ossicles=6 hyoid = 1 Ø cranium- 8 Ø facial- 14 • Thoracic cage- 25 Ø sternum- 1 Ø Ribs- 24 • Vertebral column- 26 Ø Vertebrae-24 Ø Sacrum-1 Ø Coccyx-1 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Skeleton Functions of the axial skeleton: • framework that supports the organ system in the brain, spinal cavities and ventral body cavities • Attachment for muscles that adjust the positions of the head, neck and trunk, perform respiratory movement and stabilize or position elements of the appendicular skeleton

An Overview of the Skeleton Skeletal Division -Appendicular Skeleton v it includes the bones of upper and lower limbs, and the supporting bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that connect the limbs to the trunk v 126 bones • pectoral girdle- 4 Ø Clavicle- 2 Ø Scapula- 2 • Upper Limbs- 60 Ø Humerus-2 Carpal bones- 16 ØRadius- 2 Metacarpal - 10 ØUlna- 2 Phalanges- 28

Overview of the Skeleton • Pelvic Girdle- 2 Ø Coxal Bone- 2 • Lower Limbs- 60 Ø Femur- 2 ØPatella- 2 ØTibia- 2 ØFibula- 2 ØTarsal Bones- 14 ØMetatarsal bones- 10 ØPhalanges- 28

An Overview of the Skeleton The Skeleton Figure 6 -8(a)

An Overview of the Skeleton The Skeleton Figure 6 -8(b)

An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6 -9

The Axial Division of the Skeleton The Skull v protect the brain and support delicate sense organs involved with vision hearing, balance, olfaction(smell) and gustation(taste) Ø Bones of the Cranium • encloses the cranial cavity, a fluid-filled chamber that cushions and supports the brain • the outer surface provides attachment of muscle that moves the eyes, jaws and head. Ø Bones of the face • protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts. • Site for the attachment of muscles that control facial expressions and help manipulate food

The Axial Division of the Skeleton The Associated Bones Ø 6 auditory ossicles § tiny bones involved in sound detection, enclosed by temporal bones of the cranium Ø Hyoid bone § is connected to the inferior surface of the skull by ligaments Ø Thoracic cage § provides bony support for the walls of the thoracic cavity § protects the heart , lungs and other internal organs §serves as a base for muscles involved in respiration ØVertebral Column

The Appendicular of the Skeletal System Thoracic Cage Ø provides bony support for the walls of the thoracic cavity Ø protects the heart , lungs and other internal organs Ø serves as a base for muscles involved in respiration

Bell Work Question: 01/19/11 Each bone in the skeletal system not only has a distinctive shape but also internal and external characteristics. 1. What do you call this characteristics and give at least 3 examples with its definition? In Class today: • Bone Assignment Presentation

The Axial Division: The Skull Bones of the Cranium • Frontal bone • Forehead, superior surface of orbits • Parietal bones • Sides, roof • Occipital bone • Foramen magnum • Temporal bones • Sides, base Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Axial Division: The Skull Bones of the Cranium (continued) • Sphenoid bone • Bridge between cranial and facial bones • Ethmoid bone • Cribriform plate • Nasal septum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Axial Division: The Skull The Adult Skull (Part I) Figure 6 -10

The Axial Division: The Skull Bones of the Face • Maxillary bones • Zygomatic arch (with temporal bones) • Mandible Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Axial Division: The Skull Bones of the Face (continued) • • • Palatine bones The Vomer Nasal bones Lacrimal bones Inferior nasal conchae Nasal complex • Nasal septum Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Axial Division: The Skull Bones of the Face (continued) • Paranasal sinuses • Frontal • Sphenoidal • Ethmoidal • Palatine • Maxillary Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Axial Division: The Skull The Adult Skull (Part II) Figure 6 -11(a)

The Axial Division: The Skull The Adult Skull (Part II) Figure 6 -11(b)

The Axial Division: The Skull Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 6 -12(a)

The Axial Division: The Skull Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 6 -12(b)

The Axial Division: The Skull Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Figure 6 -12(c)

The Axial Division: The Skull The Paranasal Sinuses Figure 6 -13

The Axial Division: The Skull The Hyoid Bone Figure 6 -14

Axial Division: The Skull of a Newborn Figure 6 -15(a)

Axial Division: The Skull of a Newborn Figure 6 -15(b)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Vertebral Column (Spine) • 26 Bones • 7 Cervical vertebrae (C 1 to C 7) • 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T 1 to T 12) • 5 Lumbar vertebrae (L 1 to L 5) • Sacrum • Coccyx (tailbone) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Spinal Curvature • Alignment of body weight • Primary curves • Thoracic • Sacral • Secondary curves • Cervical • Lumbar Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage The Vertebral Column Figure 6 -16

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Vertebral Anatomy • Body • Arch • Transverse, spinous processes • Pedicle, lamina • Vertebral foramen • Vertebral canal • Articular processes • Articular facets • Intervertebral discs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Regional Differences in Vertebrae • Cervical • Oval body • Transverse foramina • Thoracic • Heart-shaped body • Lumbar • Massive (heaviest loading) • Blade-like transverse processes Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions Figure 6 -17(a)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions Figure 6 -17(b)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Regions Figure 6 -17(c)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage The Atlas and Axis Figure 6 -18

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Functions of Sacrum • Protects pelvic organs • Base articulates with lumbar vertebra • Apex articulates with coccyx Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage The Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 6 -19(a)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage The Sacrum and Coccyx Figure 6 -19(b)

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Components of Thoracic Cage • Thoracic vertebrae • Ribs • Seven pairs of true ribs • Cartilaginous joint with sternum • Five pairs of false ribs • Sternum • Manubrium, body, xiphoid process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Figure 6 -20(a)

Bell work question 02/02/12 Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula. Be specific on the movement of the scapula. 1.

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage Figure 6 -20(b)

Bell Work Questions 02/10/11 1. What are the differences between the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle? 2. What made up your pelvis?

In Class Today! 1. Discussion on Appendicular and Articulation ( Packet) 2. Answer study guide: Appendicular to Articulations. 3. Chapter 6 Test Review: Work on your • Review Guide ( this is for a grade) • Note Card ( you can use this for the test) • Reminder: Test will be on Monday!

Appendicular Division Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) Components • 2 Scapulae-broad and flat (“shoulder blade”) • Coracoid process Point of articulation or • Acromium joints • Scapular spine- muscle attachment to humerus • Clavicles (“collar bone”) have sternal and acromial end Functions • Shoulder, arm movement & Articulation for arm

Appendicular Division The Scapula Figure 6 -22

Appendicular Division The Clavicle Figure 6 -21

Appendicular Division Upper Limb Humerus ( single bone) • Head -articulates with scapula • Muscles attach to • Greater and lesser tubercles • Deltoid tuberosity- deltoid muscles are attached • Medial, lateral epicondyles- provides more muscle attachment • Distal condyle articulates with forearm Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Appendicular Division Upper Limb Anatomy • Distal articulation of humerus • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa • Trochlea- large medial portion shaped like a pulley Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Appendicular Division The Humerus Figure 6 -23

Appendicular Division Bones of the Forearm • Radius • Lateral (thumb side)- in anatomical position • Head articulates with humerus • Radial tuberosity attaches biceps brachii ( large muscle on the anterior and flexes the forearm • Participates in wrist joint • Ulna • Trochlear notch articulates with humerus • Olecranon forms point of elbow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Appendicular Division The Radius and Ulna Figure 6 -24

Appendicular Division Bones of the Wrist and Hand-27 bones • Two rows of carpal bones- 8 bones • Proximal carpal bones- articulation with radius ü scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform • Distal carpal bones - articulation with metacarpal bones ü trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• 5 Metacarpal bones- articulates with the distal carpal bones and form the palm of the hands. • 14 Phalanges 4 fingers contain 3 phalanges bone proximal, medial and distal Thumb or pollex has only two phalanges ( proximal and distal)

Appendicular Division Bones of the Wrist and Hand Figure 6 -25

Appendicular Division The Pelvic Girdle • articulates with the thigh bones • more massive than the pectoral girdle and upperlimbs due to stress involved in weight bearing and locomotion • more firmly attached to the axial skeleton Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Formed by two large hipbones or Ossa Coxae v. Each Coxa formed by fusion of: 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis -It articulates with the sacrum at sacroiliac joint, dorsally - ventrally, it is connected to the Pubic symphysis, a fibrocartilage pad , that limit movement - at the acetabulum or vinegar cap, the femur articulates with the hip bone

Appendicular Division The Pelvis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -26(a)

Appendicular Division The Pelvis Figure 6 -26(b)

Appendicular Division The Pelvis Figure 6 -26(c)

The Pelvis- consists of the 2 hipbones, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx -A composite structure that includes the portion of the appendicular and axial skeleton -Extensive network of ligaments connects the sacrum with the iliac crest, the ischia and the pubic bones -The connections increase the structural stability of the pelvis -Clinical correlation on the differences between the male and female bony pelvis -Structural differences in females facilitate childbirth v wide pelvic inlet and outlet v. Small sacral curvature v. Wide pubic arch ( male less than 90 degrees ) v. More laterally projected ilia

Appendicular Division Differences in the Anatomy of the Pelvis in Males and Females PLAY Male and Female Pelvis Figure 6 -27

Appendicular Division Bones of the Lower Limb • • • Femur (thighbone) Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shinbone) Fibula Ankle bones Foot bones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Femur ( thighbone) – the longest and heaviest bone in the body • Head, articulates with pelvis at the acetabulum • Greater and lesser trochanters, large projections, large tendons are attached • Linea aspera, prominent elevation, powerful muscle attachment • Shaft, round in cross section and more flat at the end • Condyles, are part of the knee joints Patella ( kneecap) –serves as attachment for the quadriceps tendons and ligaments, articulates with the femur

Appendicular Division The Femur Figure 6 -28

Appendicular Division Bones of the Lower Limb TIBIA- shinbone ( large medial bone of the leg) • Articulates with the femur in the lateral and medial condyles • Tibial tuberosity- Patellar tendon attachment • Anterior crest • Medial malleolus- large process, forms joint with the proximal bone of the ankle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fibula- slender, parallel to the lateral border of the tibia • Articulates with tibia • It does not articulates with the femur or help transfer weight to the ankle and foot • Important surface for muscle attachment and the distal malleulus provides lateral stability to the ankle

Appendicular Division The Right Tibia and Fibula Figure 6 -29

Appendicular Division The Bones of the Ankle and Foot • Ankle or tarsus, 7 tarsal bones 1 Talus, 2 calcaneous, 3 navicular bones, 4 cubiod bones, 5 -7 cunieform bones • Joint with tibia and fibula • Passes the body’s weight to the ground through the bones of the foot • Normally, the transmission of weight is throught the talus to the large calcaneous or heel bone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Calcaneus or heel bone, major -load bearing bone • Metatarsals- supports the sole of the foot • Medial • Lateral • Distal • Phalanges ( toes) • contains 3 phalanges • Great toes ( hallux) has two phalanges

Appendicular Division The Bones of the Ankle and Foot Figure 6 -30(a)

Appendicular Division The Bones of the Ankle and Foot Figure 6 -30(b)

Bell work question: 02/06/12 Please answer the bell work questions of the day. Thank you! 1. a. In a newborn , the large bones in the skull are joined by fibrous connective tissue. Which type of joint is this? b. These skull later grow, interlock and form immovable joints. Which type of joints are these?

Articulations What is articulation? v also known as JOINTS v exist where two bones interact or meet v bind various parts of the skeletal system together v allow bone growth and development v permit parts of the skeleton to change shape v together with the skeletal muscles to provide body movement. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Incummings

Articulation Three functional classes of joint ( according to the degree of movement allowed) : A. Synarthroses ( Immovable) bony edges are quite closer together and may even interlock, it can be fibrous or cartilaginous Ex 1: Sutures ( sutura, sewing together) as in the bones of the skull, which are bound by dense connective tissue Ex 2: Gomphosis ( bolting together), a ligament bind each tooth in the mouth within a bony socket ( alveolus) Ex 3 Synchrondosis ( sync, together, chondrous, cartilage) , first pair of ribs and sternum

Articulation B. Amphiarthroses (Slightly movable joints) • permits very limited movement or slightly movable joints • Bones are farther apart, can be fibrous or cartilaginous Ex 1: Syndesmosis ( desmos, a band or ligament) , a fibrous joint connected by ligament, distal articulation bet. two bones of the leg, tibia and fibula EX 2: Symphysis , cartilaginous joint, bones are separated by a broad disc or pad of cartilage, spinal vertebrae , connection bet. two pubic bones

Articulations C. Diarthroses (Freely movable), synovial joint • permits wide range of motion • found at the end of the long bones, arms and leg • do not contact each other, covered by articular cartilage • joints are surrounded by fibrous joint capsules of articular capsules • synovial fluid, provides lubrication that reduces friction • in the knee, additional shock-absorbing fibrocartilage minisci or meniscus and fat pads to protect the articulation between cartilage and pad.

Articulations Examples of Joints • Synarthroses • Suture • Gomphosis • Synchondrosis • Amphiarthroses • Syndesmosis • Symphysis • Diarthroses • Synovial joints Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations The Structure of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -31(a)

Articulations The Structure of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -31(b)

Articulations Synovial. Joints: Movements and Structure 1. Gliding, also known as planar, sliding movement • Ex: carpal and tarsal bones • Acromioclavicular joint • Sternoclavicular joint • Sacroiliac joint Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Angular Rotation 2. 1 Flexion- a bending action that decreases the angle between body parts, Extension – a straightening action that increases angle bet. body parts. Ex. Elbow, knee, head or neck Hyperextension- continued extension , past the anatomical position of the neck 2. 2 Abduction- moving away from the plane median , coronal plane Adduction- moving toward the median lane Ex. Arm , thigh,

2. 3 Circumduction- moving of the arm in a loop as when drawing a large circle on a chalkboard 3. Rotation – moving around the long axis of the bone • can be medial rotation or lateral rotation Ex. Humerus and femur • Right or left rotation, rotation of the head to signal no • Supination and pronation- rotation movement of the wrist and hand from palm-facing-front to palm –facing-back

Articulations Angular Movements Figure 6 -32(a)

Articulations Angular Movements Figure 6 -32(b)

Articulations Angular Movements Figure 6 -32(c)

Articulations Angular Movements PLAY Angular Movements Figure 6 -32(d)

Articulations Rotational Movements Figure 6 -33(a)

Articulations Rotational Movements Figure 6 -33(b)

Articulations Special Movements 1. Foot and ankle • Inversion, eversion • Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion 2. Hand • Opposition, reposition of thumb, palm 3. Head, mandible • Protraction, retraction • Depression, elevation (jaw) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations Special Movements Figure 6 -34

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints • Gliding Joints- have flattened or slightly curved faces(e. g. , vertebra–vertebra, clavicles, carpal and tarsal bones) • Hinge Joints- like closing and opening doors (e. g. , knee, elbow, ankle, occipital and atlas) • Pivot Joints- permit rotation only (e. g. , atlas–axis, head) • Ellipsoidal Joints or also known as condyloid joints(e. g. , distal radius, phalanges and metatarsals) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Saddle Joints- (e. g. , thumb) • Ball-and-Socket- (e. g. , round head of one bone rest on the cap shaped depression on the other bone of the shoulder and hip

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(a)

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(b)

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(c)

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(d)

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(e)

Articulations Structural Classification of Synovial Joints PLAY A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints Figure 6 -35(f)

Articulations Key Note A joint cannot be both highly mobile and very strong. The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint, because mobile joints rely on support from muscles and ligaments rather than solid bone-tobone connections. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations Representative Articulations the demonstrates important functional principles Intervertebral Articulations • Two kinds join adjacent vertebrae • Gliding joints • Between superior and inferior articular processes • Permit small movements • Symphyseal joints • Intervertebral discs composed of fibrocartilage • Cushion and connect Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations Intervertebral Articulations Figure 6 -36

Articulations The Shoulder Joint • Ball-and-socket design free movement • Humerus head mates with glenoid cavity • Joint capsule extends from scapular neck to humerus • Joint dislocates easily • Bursae reduce friction • Bursitis restricts motion, causes pain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations The Shoulder Joint PLAY Humerus Rotation Figure 6 -37

Articulations The Elbow Joint • Two articulations • Humerus–radius • Humerus–ulna • Interlocking hinge design • Limited movement • Flexion and extension only • Strong ligaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations The Elbow Joint PLAY Elbow Flexion/Extension Figure 6 -38

Articulations The Hip Joint • Acetabulum and head of femur • Extremely strong, stable joint • Many strong ligaments • Tough joint capsule • Bulky muscles • Versatile movements • Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations The Hip Joint Figure 6 -39

Articulations The Knee Joint • Complex hinge joint • Three separate articulations • Femur-tibia (between condyles—lateral and medial) • Femur-patella • Fibrocartilage pads • Medial and lateral menisci • Ligaments • Cruciate ligaments inside joint Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Articulations The Knee Joint Figure 6 -40

The Skeletal System in Perspective FIGURE 6 -41 Functional Relationships Between the Skeletal System and Other Systems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 1 of 11

The Integumentary System • Synthesizes vitamin D 3, essential for calcium and phosphorus absorption (bone maintenance and growth) • Provides structural support Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 2 of 11

The Muscular System • Stabilizes bone positions; tension in tendons stimulates bone growth and maintenance • Provides calcium needed for normal muscle contraction; bones act as levers to produce body movements Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 3 of 11

The Nervous System • Regulates bone position by controlling muscle contractions • Provides calcium for neural function; protects brain, spinal cord; receptors at joints provide information about body position Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 4 of 11

The Endocrine System • Skeletal growth regulated by growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones; calcium mobilization regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin • Protects endocrine organs, especially in brain, chest, and pelvic cavity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 5 of 11

The Cardiovascular System • Provides oxygen, nutrients, hormones, blood cells; removes waste products and carbon dioxide • Provides calcium needed for cardiac muscle contraction, blood cells produced in bone marrow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 6 of 11

The Lymphatic System • Lymphocytes assist in the defense and repair of bone following injuries • Lymphocytes and other cells of the immune response are produced and stored in bone marrow Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 7 of 11

The Respiratory System • Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide • Movements of ribs important in breathing; axial skeleton surrounds and protects lungs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 8 of 11

The Digestive System • Provides nutrients, calcium, and phosphate • Ribs protect portions of liver, stomach, and intestines Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 9 of 11

The Urinary System • Conserves calcium and phosphate needed for bone growth; disposes of waste products • Axial skeleton provides some protection for kidneys and ureters; pelvis protects urinary bladder and proximal urethra Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 10 of 11

The Reproductive System • Sex hormones stimulate growth and maintenance of bones; surge of sex hormones at puberty causes acceleration of growth and closure of epiphyseal cartilages • Pelvis protects reproductive organs of female, protects portion of ductus deferens and accessory glands in males Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6 -41 11 of 11