Improved Sea Surface Temperature SST Analyses for Climate
- Slides: 17
Improved Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Analyses for Climate Thomas M. Smith Richard W. Reynolds Kenneth S. Casey Dudley Chelton NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center Asheville, NC 1
Optimum Interpolation (OI) SST Analysis • A NOAA SST analysis, widely used for climate diagnostics and analysis • Data: in situ (ship and buoy) and operational satellite (AVHRR) SSTs blended for global coverage • Record: November 1981 to present • Resolution: weekly on 1 o spatial grid • Analysis method: preliminary satellite bias corrections followed by OI analysis 2
New Higher Resolution SST OI Analysis • Resolution: Daily, 0. 25 o • Data: Satellite plus in situ (ship and buoy) data – Satellite data to include • Infrared AVHRR: Longest satellite data set • Microwave AMSR: Not impacted by clouds so better coverage than infrared • 7 -Day large-scale satellite bias correction for each satellite so analysis OK for climate • Initial results shown for 2003 – Separate analyses using AVHRR and AMSR to examine impact of different satellite data 3
Jan 2003: Pathfinder Number of days Top panel: Daytime Bottom Panel: Nighttime From the figure note: • Regions north of 40°N and south of 40°S have roughly only 5 days of data. • Number increases toward the tropics to roughly 15 days except for ITCZ and SPCZ regions 4
Jan 2003: AMSR Number of days From the figure note: • Better coverage than AVHRR – Regions north of 40°N and south of 40°S have more than 20 days of data • Drop offs occur from – Sun glint near 60°S in day – Definition of day near 160°W for day & 20°E for night – Toward equator due to swath width & Earth sphere – In ITCZ and SPCZ regions due to precipitation 5
First Focus on SST Gradients • Examine Daily OI (1/4°grid) – Constant e-folding spatial scale (100 km) – Constant noise to signal ratio (1) – 3 versions • Pathfinder AVHRR • Operational Navy AVHRR • AMSR • Compare with – OI. v 2 (weekly, 1°) – RTG_SST (daily, 1/2° grid) 6
Jan 2003: Mean SST Gradient • • • From the figure note: Sparse AVHRR data AMSR data missing near coast otherwise almost complete OI. v 2 gradients very weak Daily OI and RTG gradients are similar AMSR OI has strongest gradients due to better data coverage than AVHRR 7
Magnitude of Gradient: Gulf Stream • Daily OI using AMSR for January March 2003 • Gradients are quasi stationary due to topography – Thus, limited AVHRR data are useful 8
Jan 2003: Mean Gradient for 3 Daily OIs and Data From the figure note: • OI gradients using Pathfinder AVHRR weaker the OI using Operational AVHRR – Difference is due to data coverage • AMSR data missing near coast otherwise almost complete • Differences among products much smaller in summer because AVHRR coverage better 9
Magnitude of Gradient: Tropical Eastern Pacific • Daily OI using AMSR for August October 2003 • Gradients propagate westward – Limited coverage not as useful here – Monthly averaging smooths out most of gradient signal 10
1 Oct 2003: SST Daily Gradient From the figure note: • Very Sparse AVHRR data • AMSR data missing near coast between swaths and in ITCZ • Some features lost in AVHRR 11
Second Focus on Means and Standard Deviations • Examine Daily OI (1/4°grid) – Variable e-folding spatial scales & noise to signal ratios – 3 versions • Pathfinder AVHRR • Operational Navy AVHRR • AMSR • Compare versions with and without bias correction 12
18 Month SST Average Difference: Pathfinder - AMSR Top: NO correction • Pathfinder much colder than operations in tropics – ITCZ & SPCZ: Pathfinder cloud bias? – Aerosols in Atlantic and Indian? Bottom: Bias corrected • Differences much reduced but residual remains • Unexplained bias increase off east coast US 13
Jan 2003: Bias Corrections Top: Pathfinder correction Bottom: AMSR correction • Algorithm and error characteristics independent for IR and microwave • Note similar corrections in tropical Indian Ocean & Western Pacific plus Northern Mid-latitudes – These locations include heavy ship traffic and may be due to warm ship biases • Possible AMSR coastal warm bias? 14
Jan 2003: Standard Deviation Top: Pathfinder Bottom: AMSR • AMSR has stronger standard deviations than Pathfinder – Especially in midlatitude winter – Clouds reduce Pathfinder sampling • This differences plus gradient differences suggest that separate Pathfinder OI and Pathfinder + AMSR OI needed 15
July 2003: Standard Deviation Top: Pathfinder with - without Bias Bottom: AMSR with- without Bias • Bias correction typically adds a small extra standard deviation • Note extra standard deviation at 30°N & Dateline – suggests an in situ data problem • Differences also suggest ship tracks: e. g. , Australia to Panama 16
Daily OI SST Work Planned • Reexamine the daily OI statistics for both the bias correction and the SST analysis • Test improved estimates of bias and errors – 2 separate satellites can help understand bias better and lead to improved bias adjustment • Preliminary analysis with Pathfinder AVHRR by the end of 2005 • Reanalysis efforts will extend – Daily OI analysis using Pathfinder AVHRR back to January 1985 – Daily OI analysis using Pathfinder AVHRR and AMSR back to June 2002 – Additional satellite data to be tested and possibly used 17
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