Important European Wars 1 Hundred Years War1337 1453

Important European Wars 1

Hundred Years’ War(1337 -1453) • Cause: – Land conflict between England France • New weapons used throughout the war(Long bow, cross bow, gun) • Results: – England gave up claims to land in France – War allowed each monarch to exert more control over the people and nobles(led to the beginning of “new monarchs” in both countries. ) 2

Habsburg- Valois War(1521 -1544) • Cause: – Territorial conflict between France and Austria(Primarily over control of Italy) – Francis I of Valois and Charles V of Habsburg • Details: – Ottoman Empire also fought against the Habsburgs in eastern Europe • Results: – Treaty in 1559 gave both France and Spain some holdings in Italy – Continued tension between France and Habsburgs 3

French Wars of Religion(1562 -1598) • Causes: – Conflict between French Calvinist(Huguenots) and French Catholics • Details: – Catholic majority greatly outnumbered the Calvinist minority – Major violence against Huguenots, massacre in 1572(St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Results: – Henry IV takes the throne of France(He was a Calvinist that converted to Catholicism)~”Paris is worth a mass” – Edict of Nantes: Allowed Huguenots to freely worship, but acknowledged that Catholicism was the official religion 4

30 Years War(1618 -1648) • Causes – Primary cause was religious conflict between the Catholic Habsburgs and Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire(Peace of Augsburg by Charles V(1555) had brought a temporary end to warfare between German Catholics and Lutherans – Other countries became involved, either to help the Protestants or attempt to reduce Habsburg power • Details – Fought over the course of four different phases – Edict of Restitution(1629): Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored all land to the Catholic Church and property taken by Protestant princes 5

Results of Thirty Year’s War • Peace of Westphalia ensured that all German states, including the Calvinist ones, were free to determine their own religion • France, Sweden, and Brandenburg all gained land • More than 300 states that made up Holy Roman Empire were recognized as virtually independent • Religion and the state became even more separate 6

English Civil War(1642 -1649) • Causes – Conflict between Charles I and the Parliament – English monarchs and Parliament had been battling for power • Details – Charles I was beheaded(1649), but Oliver Cromwell seize control of the government • Results – The power of the monarch had been greatly reduced in England 7

War of Spanish Succession(1702 -1713) • Causes – Charles II, king of Spain, left his throne to the grandson of Louis XIV • Details – A coalition of England, the United Provinces, Austria, and German states opposed Spain and France • Results – Peace of Utrecht confirmed Philip V as the king of Spain and affirmed that Spain and France would remain separate 8

Great Northern War(1701 -1721) • Causes – Peter the Great wanted to gain a warm water port for Russia • Details – War between Poland, Denmark, and Russia vs. Sweden – At the beginning Sweden held back the three powers but was eventually overpowered by Russia • Results – Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia and Sweden became a second-rate power 9

War of Austrian Succession(1740 -1748) • Causes – Charles VI did not have a male heir, so passed the Pragmatic Sanction(which was supposed to make Austrian lands indivisible and recognize his daughter Maria Theresa as leader of Austria) • Details – Prussia and France attacked Austria and England came to the defense of Austria – Fighting spread all over the world • Results – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle returned all lands to their original owners, except Silesia which Prussia refused to give back 10

7 Years War(French and Indian War)(1754 -1763) • Causes – France, Austria, Russia vs. Prussia and England • Details – This war saw a diplomatic revolution, in that alliance times enemies and alliances changed greatly – This war saw conflict in the Americas, India, and Europe • Results – Treaty of Paris ended the war and greatly reduced French power – This war led to the American revolution and indirectly to the French Revolution 11

Napoleonic War(1801 -1815) • Causes – Napoleon was longing to expand the French Empire in Europe • Details – Napoleon controlled most of Europe, either directly or indirectly – Coalition of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain formed to defeat Napoleon • Results – Monarchy was restored in France and the European countries attempted to maintain a balance of power – Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance and attempted to reduce the spread of liberalism 12

Crimean War(1854 -1856) • Causes – War between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over religious rights in Palestine and land in Eastern Europe • Details – France and Great Britain supported the Ottoman Empire because they feared Russia’s territorial ambitions • Results – Russian was defeated and withdrew from European affairs and attempted to modernize – This war also destroyed the Concert of Europe, where the big powers had agreed to negotiate rather than use war 13

Prussian Wars of Unification(1864 -1871) • Causes – Prussia was looking to gain land bring unification to Germany • Details – Prussia defeat Denmark, Austria, and France in a series of three separate wars • Results – Germany becomes unified under a Parliamentary monarchy led by William I of Prussia – Tensions of this war led to much bitterness and resentment between Germany and France 14

Russo-Japanese War(1904 -1905) • Cause: – Japan invaded Russia looking to gain more land • Details: – It was clear that Russia simply it did not have the same level of technology as Japan • Results: – Russia gave up a large amount of land realized that they still had a large amount of industrialization to do – The people of Russia revolted in 1905, but did not actually gain much 15