Important Background Knowledge USVA Unit 1 slides from

Important Background Knowledge USVA Unit 1 slides from WH

Important Dates to Know 476 AD = 1066 AD= 1215 AD = 1632 -1649**=

Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterranean basin Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa Northern European links with the Black Sea Western European sea and river trade South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Importance of trade patterns Exchange of products and ideas

Advancements exchanged along trade routes Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East) Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics

Location and importance of world religions in 1500 a. d. Judaism—Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East Christianity—Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East Islam—Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe Hinduism—India and part of Southeast Asia Buddhism—East and Southeast Asia

Role of the printing press Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press. The Bible was printed in English, French, and German. These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury. German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict. Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Protestants Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition) Views—Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God Actions— 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition) Views—Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic Actions—Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Protestants Continued King Henry VIII (the Anglican tradition) Views—Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome Actions—Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Reformation in England Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I. The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism.

Catholic Counter Reformation Catholic Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority. Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world. Inquisition was established to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe Support for the diffusion of Christianity Political and economic competition between European empires Innovations in navigational arts (European and Islamic origins) Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator

Establishment of overseas empires and decimation of indigenous populations Portugal—Vasco da Gama Spain—Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan England—Francis Drake France—Jacques Cartier

Means of diffusion of Christianity Migration of colonists to new lands Influence of Catholics and Protestants, who carried their faith, language, and cultures to new lands Conversion of indigenous peoples

Americas Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America Demise of Aztec, Maya, and Inca Empires Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America Forced migration of some Africans into slavery Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent country

Africa European trading posts along the coast Trade in slaves, gold, and other products

Asia Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China) Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British)

Columbian Exchange Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles. European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians (First Americans). European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians (First Americans).

Impact of the Columbian Exchange Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves. Slavery was based on race. European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment. The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.

Export of precious metals Gold and silver (exported to Europe and Asia) Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas Impact on Spain and international trade

Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations developed advanced and complex societies before the arrival of the Europeans-(mathcalendar) established extensive trade with Pacific Rim nations were strongly influenced by their contact with Asian and African civilizations were relatively large, but not well organized

Commercial Revolution Mercantilism: An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient; based on theory that colonies existed only for the benefit of the mother country

Commercial Revolution European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. A new economic system emerged New money and banking systems were created Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.

Importance of the scientific revolution Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature Formulation of the scientific method Expansion of scientific knowledge

Absolute Monarchies Characteristics of Centralization of power Concept of rule by divine right Absolute monarchs Philip II of Spain- Hapsburg ruler Louis XIV—France, Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power…and “other Louies” to come

NO ABSOLUTE MONARCHS in England Review long standing traditions of NON- absolutism in England first settled by Angles, Saxons, and Jutes ▪ “Angle”-land = ENGLAND ▪ Terms like “Anglo-Saxon” refer to the characteristics and culture of this place

Big Events in English History 1066 AD: William the Conqueror (Wm, descendant of VIKINGS) launches the Norman Invasion (from the coast of Normandy, France) and defeats English King Harold at the Battle of Hastings. His heirs will establish FRENCH things like ▪ Parliament (from French parle) ▪ Jury trials (from jure)

Big Events in English History 1215 AD: Magna Carta King John I was forced to sign a document acknowledging: A. King MUST obey the laws B. Nobles have “some rights” *this does NOT mean all citizens are treated equally! Not for a LONG time yet C. Parliament has to be asked before the king raises taxes

Big Events in English History English Civil War Issues 1632 -1649 : Tudor monarchs (Henry, Eliz I) dealt with Parliament…Eliz I dies in 1603…. . James I (of King James Bible and Jamestown fame) is technically a Protestant, but has High Church Anglican/Practically Catholic leanings and loves thinking he has DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS. . absolute-ish power to rule England

Big Events in English History English Civil War Issues…James I is the first of the STUART line (Catholic Scots) of English monarchs Charles I : Absolute rule Divine right of kings (did not want to agree to the Petition of Right) Jails people without a trial (VERY anti-English history and traditional rights)

Big Events in English History Parliament … Convenes the “Long Parlliament” from 1640 - 1653) : (Roundheads and Oliver Cromwell fight for Parliament) a long standing representative assembly of landed, English Lords

Big Events in English History Charles I dissolves Parliament (he does not believe he should have to “get permission from Parliament) Continues to imprison political enemies without trials (cavaliers fight for the king) “does not play nicely with Parliament”

Big Events in English History Parliament: Arrests Charles I, tries and convicts of treason and executes in 1649

Big Events in English History 1632 -1649: English Civil War Roundheads arrest, try, and convict KING CHARLES I of Treason and ……Chop his head off Est. power of Parliament over the monarch English Bill of Rights to protect the traditional rights of English citizens

Big Events in English History Oliver Cromwell sets up a republic/commonwealth of PURITANism in England Not “fun” (closes taverns, theaters, brothels, etc. ) People are glad they are Puritans, but not THAT glad to be ruled by authoritarian Cromwell…. .

Big Events in English History Cromwell dies in 1658 Parliament asks Charles II (son of Charles I) to accept the throne and “restore the monarchy” with a few stipulations “Restoration” is Ch II taking throne and agreeing to not behave like an absolute monarch …”

Big Events in English History Restoration: fires up more colonization in the North America New colonies: North Carolina, South Carolina, “Glorious Revolution” is when James II of England fears being overthrown and runs off to France…his daughter (Mary) and her husband (William) are Protestant and come to the throne as “William and Mary”

The Enlightenment Applied REASON and LOGIC to the human world, not just the natural world Stimulated religious tolerance…after MANY years of witch hunts, burnings at the stake and groundless accusations of heresy! Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan—The state must have central authority to manage behavior John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government— People are sovereign; monarchs are not chosen by God Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws—The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract—Government is a contract between rulers and the people Voltaire—wrote Candide; Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state; freedom of speech

Influence of the Enlightenment Political ideas of the Enlightenment fueled revolutions in America and France Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas. The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.