Imperialism World Studies Alice F Short Hilliard Davidson

Imperialism World Studies Alice F. Short Hilliard Davidson High School

Imperialism Topic: Imperialism (1800 -1914) • The industrialized nations embarked upon a competition for overseas empires that had profound implications for the entire world. This “new imperialism” focused on the underdeveloped world and led to the domination and exploitation of Asia, Africa and Latin America. 10. Imperial expansion had political, economic and social roots. 11. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control. 12. The consequences of imperialism were viewed differently by the colonizers and the colonized. DISCUSSION: What does the word exploitation mean? Do students exploit people / situations? How? What does land acquisition mean? extraction of raw materials? Western values? What do you think the difference is between direct and indirect political control? What is the difference between colonizers and the colonized?

Imperialism • imperialism - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force over other countries/territories • imperial power – a country that controls another country or territory • Imperialism, as defined by the Dictionary of Human Geography, is • "an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another. ” domination rule; control, often arbitrary VOLUNTEER: Give us a definition of imperialism in your own words.

New Imperialism • industrialized /developed nations overseas empires – different from earlier forms (trading posts) – profound implications for the entire world – focused on undeveloped world: • Asia, Africa, South America developed nation – a nation that has modernized colony – any people or territory separated from but subject to a ruling power

New Imperialism (cont. ) • John Atkinson Hobson – Imperialism, A Study (1902) – British liberal economist – analyzed the reasons for new imperialism • income from industry was unevenly distributed • wage earners not earning enough to buy the very products they produced • large firms finding it necessary to open new markets abroad to sell their goods and invest their profits

Looking Back on Industrialization • What is required for a country to industrialize? – Factors of Production: land, labor, capital – Political Stability – Transportation Networks – Trading Markets • What is the incentive for a nation to industrialize? – Wealth – Power and Nationalism – Spreading Culture

• Industrial Revolution – Causes: Industrial Revolution – agricultural revolution – demand for goods – inventions England, USA, Japan, Germany

Motives for Imperialism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Economic Political Religious Exploratory Ideological 10. Imperial expansion had political, economic and social roots. CANVAS ASSIGNMENT: A SHORT Summary of Imperialism

Motives for Imperialism: Economic • Economic motives included the desire … – to make money – to expand control foreign trade – to create new markets for products – to acquire raw materials and natural resources – to acquire cheap labor – to compete for investments and resources – to export industrial technology and transportation methods market - demand for a particular product or commodity exploitation - selfish utilization; use or utilization, especially for profit

“The nineteenth century saw a new phase of Western expansion as European nations viewed Asian and African societies as a source for raw materials and a market for manufactured goods. By 1900, most of Southeast Asia and Africa were under the control of Western powers. ” Imperialism and Economics

Motives for Imperialism: Political • Political motives were based on a nation’s desire … – to gain power – to compete with other European countries – to expand territory – to exercise military force – to gain prestige by winning colonies – to boost national pride – to increase national prestige – to boost national security power and prestige: motivated countries such as Germany and Belgium to rush to obtain as many colonies as possible • They wanted to gain economic and political advantage over rival nations.

Motives for Imperialism: Religious • Religious motives included the desire … – – – to spread Christianity to protect European missionaries in other lands to spread European values and moral beliefs to educate peoples of other cultures to end slave trade in Africa • emancipation – to free (a slave) from bondage

Motives for Imperialism: Exploratory • Exploratory motives were based on the desire … – to explore “unknown” or uncharted territory – to conduct scientific research – to conduct medical searchers of the causes and treatment of diseases – to go on an adventure – to investigate “unknown” lands and cultures. • uncharted - something that is unknown

Motives for Imperialism: Ideological A Fancy Name for Racism • Ideological motives (or social roots) were based on cultural values such as • ideology – a body of ideas that reflects the beliefs and interests of either an individual or a nation, political system, etc. – the belief that the white race was superior, other cultures were “primitive” • the White Man’s Burden – Europeans should “civilize” peoples in other parts of the world • civilize - – great nations should have empires, and only the strongest nations will survive

The White Man’s Burden bias – a tendency to believe a certain argument; prejudice ethnicity – identity with or membership in a particular racial, national or cultural group

The White Man’s Burden

White Man’s Burden “Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered fold and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. ” -- From “The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling

White Man’s Burden: Basis Analysis • Mission: spread Christianity and the Industrial Revolution • Westerners viewed anyone with different religion & life as “backwards” • Westerners felt it was their duty to “civilize” the “backwards” people of the world • LITERAL ANALYSIS: reflects the idea that Europeans has a responsibility to improve the lives of Africans • ANALYSIS: super-racist view-point of the West regarding Africans

A SHORT Time to Ponder • Was imperialism inevitable? • Was the transatlantic slave trade inevitable?

A SHORT Assignment (Part 1) • racism - a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others – inherent - existing in someone or something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute – Do you believe this is a complete definition of racism. If you were going to write your own definition, what would it be? ASSIGNMENT: In a paragraph or more, explain in your own words what racism is. Please take this assignment very seriously.

A SHORT Assignment (Part 2) • Break into groups. • Share what you wrote. • Edit and add to your own, and help others make changes as well. • DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: After you finish sharing and editing your answers, discuss the following. Please keep your conversions classy and polite. – Do you think racism still exists in the United States today? Explain your point-of-view. Use supports. – Do agree with what other people in your group wrote about racism? – Do you think that you are ever racist? Do you think that you are ever prejudicial about another group of people? Whom? How? Why? When?

New Imperialism What does it look like? • • Land acquisition Extraction of raw materials Spread of Western values Maintenance of political control Primary 2 Motivations for Imperialism: 1. raw materials 2. markets 11. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.

Imperialism: Land Acquisition • acquisition - the act of acquiring or gaining possession • spheres of influence – any area in which one nation wields dominant power over another or others due to a special interest – frequently used in reference to China – possible because Europeans had technologically superior military forces • annex - to incorporate (territory) into the domain of a city, country, or state; to take or appropriate, especially without permission

IMPERIALISM CARTOON 1882 'The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters. ‘ An American cartoon depicting John Bull (England) as the octopus of imperialism grabbing land on every continent.

A SHORT Time to Ponder • In Empire and Commerce in Africa: A Study in Economic Imperialism—published in 1919—British writer, publisher, and anti-imperialist Leonard Woolf (1880– 1969) noted, “The part played by Europe in the world during the last hundred years has been that of a political octopus. States have stretched out from Europe the tentacles of their political power and organization, and have grasped or enmeshed practically the whole of Asia, Africa, and Australia, together with all the islands of all the oceans. ” Explain why the metaphor of an octopus is appropriate in describing an imperialist power like nineteenth-century England. • Do you think this cartoon is an accurate representation of European imperialism? Could it be better? How? • If you had to come up with a metaphor for imperialism, what would it be?

Scramble for Africa Cecil Rhodes – wanted to create a series of British colonies “from the Cape to Cairo” • Liberia and Ethiopia = only early independent nations!!

Division of Africa -the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded - traditional forms of tribal authority were weakened (negative political impact) - Europeans were primarily competing for raw materials and markets - led to exploitation of labor and resources (same as in Asia and South America)

Imperialism: Extraction of Raw Materials • raw materials – needed from growing industries in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries – needed rubber, oil and tin – needed new markets for European goods 11. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.

Europeans Want and Take Raw Materials • exploit – to take advantage of a person/situation esp. unethically or unjustly for ones own ends – making the fullest use of a resource for one’s own gain • export - the movement of goods, or commodities, from one country to another

Belgian Occupation of Congo one of the must brutal cases of imperialism…

Belgian Occupation of Congo direct rule vs. indirect rule Which type of rule do you think is in the Congo?

Imperialism: Spread of Western Values • Western - of, relating to, or characteristic of the Americas and the parts of Europe (typically Western Europe) • Westernize – to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. , characteristics of the United States and/or Western Europe • value - to have a high regard for, esp. in respect of worth, usefulness, merit, etc; esteem or prize: to value freedom • Western Values – religion – customs – ways of governing 11. Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.

Imperialism: Maintenance of Political Control 1. 2. direct control (France, Belgium) indirect control (Great Britain, Netherlands) – used local systems of authority – lessened the possibility of revolts – encouraged assimilation of western traditions (culture, governing) • political - of, pertaining to, or concerned with politics – politics - the practice or study of the art and science of forming, directing, and administrating states and other political units; the art and science of government; the complex or aggregate of relationships of people in society, esp. those relationships involving authority or power • control - to exercise restraint or direction over; dominate; command • paternalism - the system, principle, or practice of managing or governing individuals, businesses, nations, etc. , in the manner of a father dealing benevolently and often intrusively with his children – reflected a European belief that Africans should be governed by the European colonizers and protected like children • spheres of influence (in China) – Europeans gained economic control of China

A SHORT Time to Ponder • civil - relating to public matters • protectorate – a political unit that depends on another government for its protection (ex. French Vietnam) – the relation of a strong state toward a weaker state or territory that it protects and partly controls • When might it be to the advantage of a country/state/nation to become a protectorate? • What was the economic advantage to direct rule over colonies?

Empire Building in Africa • Belgium – David Livingstone explored Africa’s interior (famous explorer who went missing in central Africa) – Henry Stanley – uttered the famous phrase, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume. ” – King Leopold II of Belgium opened up the Congo • Germany – interested in East Africa (political) • Britain – wanted a route from South Africa to Egypt – helped the Boers defeated the native Zulu – defeated the Boers and established the independent Union of South Africa • Africans – educated in Western schools sought the end of colonial rule and promoted African nationalism

Africa: Suez Canal in Egypt • built in 1869 with French money • Connected Red & Mediterranean Sea shortening trip to Asian markets – 1875 - Egypt needed $ so they sold their share to England – Despite the voluntary sale, Egyptians grew angry & rebelled over foreign presence – 1882 - Led to Egypt becoming a protectorate

Africa: Boer War • Shaka Zulu – led the indigenous people of southern Africa in battles against the Boers • British settlers in Dutch colonies outnumbered Boers • British gained control of South Africa • new language & culture – British outlawed slavery • Boers left the area & founded Transvaal & Orange Free State – Diamonds were discovered in land of the Boers

Africa: Boer War Outcomes • The Boers resisted British victory & practiced guerilla warfare • British arrested & imprisoned Boers • Boers finally gave up (1910) • Orange Free State & Transvaal became part of British Africa – Created the Union of South Africa

Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia • European nations – exploited natural resources in Asia – sought new markets for European goods – spurred nation rivalries to increase their prestige by dominating colonies in Southeast Asia – controlled the governments and economies of their colonies in Southeast Asia • direct rule • indirect rule – Britain: European power that controlled the most area in East Asia • native rulers and peasants – resisted colonial rule in Southeast Asia • efforts often failed

Imperialism: China • Boxer Rebellion – attempt to remove foreign influences from China – Who: a Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists – Again Whom: all foreign influence – What: uprising – Where: in northern China – Why: against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there • The Opium Wars

British Rule in India • Indians – Sepoy – Indian soldier in the British military – challenged British rule with the Sepoy Great (Mutiny Rebellion) • was crushed • fueled Indian nationalism • British – introduced political stability to India • POSITIVE: British imperialism in India led to the adoption of a parliamentary system of government – harmed India’s local industries – demeaned the Indian people and their culture • Mohandas Gandhi – led India’s independence movement. • Rabindranath Tagore – promoted national pride in Indian culture.

British Rule in India

Imperialist Japan • By the early 20 th century, many European nations as well as Japan extended their control over other lands and created empires. • Meiji Restoration – rapid industrialization and economic growth occurred (global impact of imperialism: the modernization of technologically undeveloped countries, such as Japan) • Japanese leaders wanted to exert the power of Japan and confront Western imperialism by engaging in imperialist actions. Japan used its military might to establish footholds in Taiwan, China and Korea.

Imperialist Japan Why is this so important?

Why did the United States want to turn the Philippines into an American colony? • President Mc. Kinley believed it was his moral obligation to civilize other parts of the world he considered uncivilized. • The United States wanted to keep the Philippines out of Japan’s control. • The Philippines were strategically placed to help increase American trade with China.

U. S. Economic Involvement in Latin America • In the late 1800 s and early 1900 s, U. S. involvement in the politics and economics of Latin America was pervasive. Even though Latin Americans perceived the United States as the “big bully” to the north, they were increasingly dependent on the United States for their economic growth. “War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed. ” “The mission of the United States is one of benevolent assimilation. ” “Cuba ought to be free and independent, and the government should be turned over to the Cuban people. ” -- President William Mc. Kinley Known for What? —the Spanish-American War, protective tariffs, open-door policy with China

Imperialism in Latin America • U. S. involvement in Latin America resulted in the Spanish-American War (gave the U. S. the territories of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines), the independence of Panama, and the building of the Panama Canal. • The U. S. sent military forces to Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic to protect American investments.

The Spanish-American War

Mexican Revolution • The Mexican Revolution led to the Constitution of 1917; it set up a government led by a president, created land reform policies, and established limits on foreign investors. – Pancho Villa – revolutionary leader in Mexico

U. S. Economic Involvement in Latin America • Latin America experienced some prosperity through exporting foodstuffs and raw materials, which led to the growth of a middle class. • Latin American nations – needed help establishing their economies, • Suffered damage caused by their wars for independence.

U. S. Economic Involvement in Latin America • Latin American countries – experienced tremendous prosperity based on the export of a few raw materials, such as coffee and bananas – became dependent on Western nations (for markets) – developed middle class (lawyers, merchants, shopkeepers, businesspeople, schoolteachers, professors, bureaucrats, and military officers) • looked to the United States as an economic model, particularly for industrialization – urbanization began to reshape Latin America. • companies – built factories in Latin America – produce their own textiles, construction materials, and luxury items – In response to the growing middle and working classes,

U. S. Economic Involvement in Latin America • isolation – complete separation from others • economic growth - the process by which a country’s wealth grows over time • Monroe Doctrine - the United States would assist Latin America and prevent the return of European control • Roosevelt Corollary (1904)– Theodore Roosevelt’s amendment to the Monroe Doctrine to warn European countries to not intervene in Latin American affairs – stated that the United States had a moral duty to prevent financial mismanagement and political instability in Latin America – promised that the United States would intervene in any Latin American countries that could not repay their debts to European and U. S. investors – b/c Dominican Republic failed to pay their debts • dollar diplomacy – a country increasing its power or simply making decisions in foreign affairs through the use and protection of financial resources

A SHORT Time to Ponder • Why did Theodore Roosevelt issue the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? • How did Latin American society change after industrialization? • Although some Latin Americans referred to the United States as the “big bully to the north, ” they still looked to the United States as an economic example. Why do you think they saw the United States in two different ways?

Imperialism: All Good? All Bad?

Imperialism: Good? Bad? • A SHORT Time to Ponder: What do you think about imperialism? Where would our world be without a history of imperialism? Would that be better for you?

A SHORT Assignment Consequences of Imperialism • Perspective: – Colonizers – Colonized • Negative: Almost Everything • Positives: building of roads and railroads (infrastructure), developed export trade markets, sometimes education and a growing middle class CARTOON ASSIGNMENT: Create two cartoons. One from the perspective of the colonizers, and the other from the perspective of the colonized.

A SHORT Time to Ponder • How would colonizers and colonized look at the extension of Western cultural practices vs. the loss of traditions? • How would colonizers and colonized look at modernization vs. breakup of past institutions?

A SHORT Time to Ponder • What do you think would have happened if workers in industrialized countries had been paid enough to purchase more of the goods they produced? Do you think the Western powers would have expanded into Asia and Africa anyway? Explain.

Imperialism Consequences • traditions - customs or practices • indigenous – native to a particular region or country • sector -- a sociological, economic, or political subdivision of society