Imperialism The policy by a stronger nation to

Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

The Industrial Revolution • The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-18 th century • Britain’s advantages • The spread of industrialization

Economic Motives Industrialized nations sought: • Raw materials • Natural resources • A cheap labor supply • New marketplaces for manufactured goods

Why Africa? • Natural Resources • Extracted raw materials- rubber • Europeans believed that Africans would buy their products- markets • Began growing cash crops – is a crop which is sold for money • The greatest wealth came from Africa’s mineral resources -Diamonds and Gold

How did Europeans take over Africa? • Superior weapons • Cure for malaria • Africans divided by thousands of languages and cultures- discouraged unity • Europeans learned to manipulate rival groups • Most of Africa was taken over except for Algeria, Liberia, Ethiopia

Technologic al Advances • • The steam engine Better transportation Increased exploration Improvements in communication The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa One of the first steam engines

The Maxim Gun British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897

Exploration • David Livingstone • Mapping the “Dark Continent” David Livingstone

Ideological Motives • A desire to “civilize” non. Europeans also spurred the development of imperialism • Social Darwinism Darwin’s handwritten cover page for The Origin of Species Herbert Spencer

“The White Man’s Burden” By Rudyard Kipling Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden— In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain.

The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and even in advertisements of the time period.

Nationalism: extreme pride in one’s country/ group/nationality/etc. Nationalism creates desire to build empires and claim foreign land/create colonies Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily

German Unification Other strong nations emerged in the mid 1800 s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.

The Berlin Conference *Competition among European countries created fear of war. Berlin Conference 1884 -85, 14 European countries meet (no Africans present) and divide Africans continent w/out thought to how ethnic or linguistic groups were distributed, This is how Africa’s political boundaries were first drawn (along natural boundaries and using straight lines)- by Europeans, not Africans.

European Control of Africa By 1914, only two African nations remained independent

Direct vs. Indirect Rule European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: Indirect rule: colonies were given a Direct rule: the colony was directly degree of internal autonomy administered by the colonizer Example: Nigeria Example: Senegal

British Imperialism by 1899

Every Territory Ever Controlled by the British

British East India Company

British Imperialism 1. Setting the Stage a. b. 1. Review: Imperialism is a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially The British economic interest in India began in the 1600 s with the British East India Company The Mughal Dynasty began to crumble a. The British East India Company was the leading power in India Mughal Emperor Jahangir receives Sir Thomas Roe

British Imperialism 2. British Expand Control over India a. The area controlled by the East India Company grew, eventually controlled Bangladesh, most of southern India, and territory along the Ganges River

Cash Crops in India Cotton bales on Cotton Green, Bombay, early 1900 s

British Imperialism 2. British Expand Control over India b. Sepoys, or Indian (Hindu or Muslim) soldiers/mercenary private police, made up a large part of the East India Company army The British East India Co. controlled much of India using sepoys. The Governor of Bombay referred to the sepoy army as a “delicate and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may easily turn against us. ”

British Imperialism 2. British Expand Control over India d. e. f. India was considered the “jewel of the crown” due to its profitability for the British policy demanded India to produce raw materials for the British and to buy British goods; British goods drove out local producers (economic effect) British set up railroads in India and transported tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, & opium

British Imperialism 3. Positive and Negative Effects of British Colonialism Negative Effects a. The British held much of the political and economic power in India b. British restricted Indian industries such as textiles c. Emphasis on cash crops resulted in loss of self sufficiency for many villagers d. Crops: opium poppies (for sale in China), cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire e. Conversion to cash crops reduced food production causing famines f. British missionaries and racism threatened traditional Indian culture

British Imperialism b. Positive Effects a. The British laid the world’s third largest railroad network creating unity and allowing India to create a modern economy b. Road networks, dams, bridges, irrigation canals, telephone/telegraph lines were built which helped India modernize c. Sanitation and public health improved d. Schools and colleges were established; literacy improved e. British troops cleared central India of bandits and put an end to local warfare

The Caste System Upper Class Lower Class No Class

Caste System Upper Class Lower Class No Class • Brahaman (priest) • Kshatriya (ruler, warrior, landowner) • Vaishya (merchants) • Shudra (artisans, farmers) • Harijan (untouchables, outcast)

The Sepoy Mutiny

British Imperialism 4. The Sepoy Mutiny a. By 1850, the British controlled most of the Indian subcontinent but there was pockets of discontent b. Many Indians believed the British were trying to convert them to Christianity c. Indians resented the constant racism the British expressed towards them

British Imperialism 4. The Sepoy Mutiny d. In 1857 a rumor spread that the sepoys rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat (cows are sacred to Hindus; Muslims don’t eat pork) e. 85 of the 90 sepoys refused the cartridges and were jailed f. The next day (May 10, 1857) they rebelled g. They marched to Delhi and captured the city; the rebellion spread to northern and central India h. The Sepoy Rebellion allowed British soldiers to invade and control all of India. Fierce fighting took place; each side tried to slaughter the other side’s army

The Sepoy Rebellion

The Sepoy Mutiny

British Imperialism i. j. The Indian government was too weak to intervene It took a year for the British to regain control: The British took control and ruled until 1947 k. “Divide and Rule” : Name for the British system of keeping Indian Muslims and Indian Hindus from uniting and kicking the British out of India. l. The part of India under British rule was called The Raj meaning rule or sovereignty m. The Sepoy Mutiny fueled the racist attitudes of the British and increased distrust between Indians and the British

British Imperialism 5. Nationalism Surfaces in India a. In the early 1800 s, some Indians began demanding more modernization and a greater role in governing themselves b. Nationalism: extreme pride in one’s culture or country

British Imperialism 5. Nationalism Surfaces in India c. d. Ram Mohun Roy, sometimes called the Father of Modern India, believed arranged child marriages and the rigid caste separation needed to change or India would continue to be controlled by outsiders Indians began to have nationalist feelings and resented a system that made them second class citizens in their own country

British Imperialism • Result: History has shown that, when mistreated long enough, humans will eventually react in an attempt to improve their situation. The seeds of change had been set in India which later lead to an independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.