Imperialism Reasons for Imperialism Power Imperialists vie to

Imperialism

Reasons for Imperialism • Power – Imperialists vie to be the most powerful by gaining the most land • CONFLICT

Reasons for Imperialism • Economics – Resources • Raw Materials – Markets • Sell finished goods back

Reasons for Imperialism • Adventure – Rich – see new places, find new things – Working Class – move up social ladder

Reasons for Imperialism • Attitude – Social Darwinism – Western way was the right way

Reasons for Imperialism • Religion – Convert the “heathen” – Christianity drives this

Forms of Imperialism • Colony – foreign power directly controls area • Protectorate – indiginous government kept as long as it did what the foreign power wanted – Puppet government • Sphere of Influence – foregn power rules through exclusive trade agreements

Imperialization of Africa

North Africa • French involvement – Algeria • Starting in 1830’s it takes France over 10 years and 100, 000 soldiers to control Algeria – Opposed by Abd al Qadir – Tunisia – taken in 1881 – Morocco – sticking point, but taken by 1905 – 1, 000 French in North Africa by 1905

Abd al Qadir

French in Algeria

North Africa • British Involvement – Egypt – Suez Canal finished in 1869 • Egyptian government sells land to England to pay for debt. – People don’t like this and revolt against Egyptian government » England seizes Suez Canal – Sudan – taken in 1889 • French claim it too – compromise: British will recognize French claim to Morocco and keep Sudan

Suez Canal

Suez Canal

North Africa • Italian Involvement – 1911 – takes Libya from Ottoman Empire • Checked with England France • Not difficult • Vindication after loss in Ethiopia

Sub-Saharan Africa • West Africa – Europe trading since 1700’s • “Triangular Trade” – Europeans push inward in 1870’s

Triangular Trade

Sub-Saharan Africa • Congo Region – King Leopold II of Belgium interested in reports from Henry Stanley • Reports from Congo River – Berlin Conference of 1884 • European Powers break up Africa – Leopold gets Congo Basin as private property

Leopold II

Berlin Conference Resolution

Sub-Saharan Africa • Congo Region continued – Congo Free State • Plantation owned by Leopold • Quotas given to people on rubber production – Failure led to maiming or death » “Currency of the Hands” » Carried out by Force Publique

Effects of Force Publique

Sub-Saharan Africa • Congo Region – Belgian government is made aware of problems in Congo State • Belgian Congress annexes Congo Free State in 1908

Sub-Saharan Africa • Independent States – Liberia • Founded in 1822 by James Monroe – Freedmen could return to Africa • Protected by USA – Ethiopia • Attacked by Italy • King Menelik unites tribes and crushes Italians – No other country tries

King Menelik

South Africa • First settled by Dutch – Afrikaners – Dutch settlers • Boers – Dutch farmers • Became English possession after Napoleonic Wars – Outlaw slavery – Boers are NOT happy • Afrikaners move inland – Orange Free State and Transvaal

South Africa

South Africa • Boer War of 1899 – English defeat the Afrikaners • Ban slavery, but state that indigenous population can not participate in government • 1910 – Union of South Africa formed – Unites all the territories

India • British began involvement in 1500’s – 1600 – East India Company formed – Defeat French at Battle of Plassey (1757) • Controls large regions of India

Pre – Battle of Plassey

East India Co. Control

India • Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – Upset over imposition of Western ideas – “Greased Bullet Rumor” • Bullets the Sepoys were using rumored to be greased with pig or cow fat – Offended religions of the area » Muslim – pigs to be avoided » Hindu – cows are sacred animals

Sepoy Rebellion

India • Sepoy Rebellion (continued) – Revolt lasts one year and then crushed by British – Results • East India Company dissolved • England brings India under direct control – Royal governor – Expands influence

British Control

India • India under Direct Control – Money and resources poured into India • Improve infrastructure – Discrimination • Western culture pushed; Indian culture destroyed • Forced to grow cotton instead of wheat – Causes food shortages

China • Opium War – British traders smuggle opium in from India to trade for silk, tea, and porcelain • China tries to stop this and gets stomped • Unequal Treaties – After opium war, China is forced to sign “treaties” with England, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan

Unequal Treaties

China • Spheres of Influence – By 1900 China is broken into “spheres of influence” • USA misses out and pushes for “Open Door Policy”

Spheres of Influence

China • Boxer Rebellion – Empress Ci. Xi uses the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists • secret society to drive out foriegn powers • 1900 - attack foriegners and Chinese Christians – foriegn nations send 25, 000 troops to Beijing and crush the rebellion

Boxer Rebellion

China • Revolution of 1911 – Ci. Xi allowed foriegn troops to stay in China • people want a republic – Kuomintang - United League » leader - Sun Yat-sen » 1908 - fail at revolution • Ci. Xi dies – 2 year-old son becomes Emperor – 1911 - Royal Guard joins revolution against 2 year-old Emperor » Sun Yat-sen - China's first president

Ci. Xi and Sun Yat-sen

Japan • IMPERIALIST • Meiji Restoration – Late 1800’s – Change traditional ways to modern, Western ways • Military updated – no more samuri • All aspects of society

Meiji Restoration

Japan • Russo-Japanese War (1904 -05) – Helps Japan gain control of Korea and Manchuria – Japan gains concessions from Western power.

Japan • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere – Not great (except for Japan), nor coprosperity (Japan only one to make out) – “Cooperative” effort to rid East Asia of Western influence • Replace Western powers with Japan

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Southeast Asia • French Indo-China – Modern day Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia – Reasons • Rival England – India • China • Resources • “Civilize” indigenous people – Treated people as inferior and pushed Western ways

French Indo - China

Latin America • Remember “Conquisidors”? • Mostly Economic Imperialism – United Fruit Company • Started by Minor Keith • Controls the rail-lines and therefore the banana trade in several countries – Use these resources to convince, with USA governmental support, Latin American governments

Minor Keith

Latin America • United Fruit Company – called “El Pulpa” • monopolized the banana trade • exploited workers • aided small dictatorships known as “banana republics. ”

“El Pulpa”

United Fruit Company

Latin America • Teddy Roosevelt – Adds corollary to Monroe Doctrine • USA could intervene to stop “chronic wrongdoing” through out the western hemisphere – Used to meddle in Latin American affairs

Roosevelt Corollary

Effect?

Effect Still?

Modern Imperialism • Does Imperialism exist today? – Economic? – Cultural? – Colonialism?