Imperialism New Manifest Destiny from 1880 s Previous

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Imperialism / New Manifest Destiny: from 1880 s

Imperialism / New Manifest Destiny: from 1880 s

Previous Expansion n Expansion after Independence: Appalachian Mts. , Louisiana Purchase, Florida… n Manifest

Previous Expansion n Expansion after Independence: Appalachian Mts. , Louisiana Purchase, Florida… n Manifest Destiny of 1840 s: “Sea to Shining Sea”; Polk: Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; Gadsden Purchase…. Far West / Great Plains n Imperialist, but Continental, not overseas n Tradition of non-intervention / isolation overseas… Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson…yet War of 1812 and then Monroe Doctrine of 1823 (hands off warning to Europe/in return US would not intervene in Europe)

U. S. Emerges as a World Power 1. 2 A

U. S. Emerges as a World Power 1. 2 A

Motives for Overseas Expansion after the Civil War n 1. Cultural Imperialism n Racial

Motives for Overseas Expansion after the Civil War n 1. Cultural Imperialism n Racial Superiority: Superiority Complex: White Man’s Burden (Kipling): responsibility to civilize and Christianize, bring Progressive reforms (Progressive Imperialism) n Rev. Josiah Strong combined White Man’s Burden, Social Gospel, and Social Darwinism in his book Our Country: It’s Possible Future and its Present Crisis (1885)

n 2. Economic (and Social) Imperialism n Raw Materials, but esp. Markets for goods:

n 2. Economic (and Social) Imperialism n Raw Materials, but esp. Markets for goods: huge overproduction / surplus in industry and agriculture in the US in decades after Civil War; opportunities for investments (land, farming / fruit, transportation, (Panama Canal), utilities (electricity) …. find raw materials / resources (coal, oil…. ). . exploit resources n Prevent more Depressions such as the ones in 1873, 1893. . n Outlet for Social Unrest: Frederick Jackson Turner; The Turner Thesis: with the closing of the frontier (1890) a new outlet for land was needed for the discontented farmers and workers; need for a new “safety valve”

n 3. Political Imperialism n To achieve Great Nation Status an overseas empire was

n 3. Political Imperialism n To achieve Great Nation Status an overseas empire was necessary (like Britain, France…) n Social Darwinism: inevitability and naturalness of strong nations dominating weak n A strong Navy – another badge of Great Nation status – should be developed to establish and maintain an Overseas Empire…colonies would provide naval bases

n Becoming a world power, dominating overseas territories, building a large navy as the

n Becoming a world power, dominating overseas territories, building a large navy as the best method of expanding overseas – all promoted in Captain Alfred T. Mahan’s book, The Influence of Sea Power on History

Advocates of Imperialism n Rev. Josiah Strong, Missionaries, Preachers n Industrialists: Beveridge n Politicians:

Advocates of Imperialism n Rev. Josiah Strong, Missionaries, Preachers n Industrialists: Beveridge n Politicians: Mahan, Lodge, TR: Republican Party n Press: Yellow Journalism / Tabloids: Hearst, Pulitzer

Opponents of Imperialism n Sen. Schurz (Read Documents), Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Thomas Nast n

Opponents of Imperialism n Sen. Schurz (Read Documents), Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Thomas Nast n Their arguments: n Against the Spirit of America, Dec. of Independence…govt. by consent of governed n Dangerous to move away from isolationism…drawn into international wars / conflicts n Navy too small to maintain an empire, and too costly to build up

n Racism (racism on either side, for and against imperialism) – US didn’t want

n Racism (racism on either side, for and against imperialism) – US didn’t want contact with inferior groups, didn’t want to absorb inferior peoples n Some Progressives: US was far from perfect – needed more reforms, more Progressivism first

Beginnings of Imperialism…a new aggressive overseas approach n Latin America 1889: Harrison’s Sec. of

Beginnings of Imperialism…a new aggressive overseas approach n Latin America 1889: Harrison’s Sec. of State James Blaine promoted Economic Imperialism in Latin America (his “Big Sister Policy”): organized a Pan American Congress – hoped to bully Latin American into favorable trade arrangements: but delegates from the 19 countries in attendance refused to agree to an inter American customs union, fearing US dominance

n Samoa n Used as a “way station” (stop-over – refuel, re-supply) by US

n Samoa n Used as a “way station” (stop-over – refuel, re-supply) by US ships, naval and commercial n Treaty with Samoa in 1879 gave the US the port of Pago as a naval station, and gave the US the right to intervene to settle differences between Samoa and foreign powers n Dispute between US, Britain, Germany over control of Samoa almost led to war: avoided through 1889 agreement to a tripartite protectorate

n Venezuela n 1895: Sec. of State Richard Olney opposed British plans to expand

n Venezuela n 1895: Sec. of State Richard Olney opposed British plans to expand British Guiana at expense of Venezuela (border dispute / gold. . ); Sec of State Olney aggressively warned Britain about violations of the Monroe Doctrine and insisted on arbitration…(more about the Monroe Doctrine – though US wanted to protect and expand its trade) n Annoyed, the British refused both…Cleveland threatened war…though the US had only 5 warships to Britain’s 35 n Eventually, distracted by disputes with Germany, the British agreed to arbitration – and got most of what they wanted n For the US, the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine was enhanced…seemed like the British respected it eventually - Latin American nations were grateful to the US for its determination to protect them

Hawaii n n n A “way” station on route to China and for whaling

Hawaii n n n A “way” station on route to China and for whaling ships Sailors and missionaries settled there…saw it as part of the US Followed by Sugar Plantation owners Navy hoped to build a base at Pearl Harbor, Oahu Gradually American Plantation owners dominated economy and politics 1875: reciprocal trade agreement – US imported Hawaiian sugar without any tariff

n 1877: Treaty granted US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor as a naval station…US

n 1877: Treaty granted US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor as a naval station…US tightened its grip on Hawaii n 1890: Mc. Kinley Tariff deprived Hawaiian American planters of their privileged position by removing the duty on all imported sugar (from all/any country), and by paying a subsidy to US sugar producers n Planters felt that they would benefit if the US annexed Hawaii: would get the subsidy and survive economically if they were back under US jurisdiction (like Oregon, California: appeal for annexation) n 1891: the passive King Kal died: succeeded by sister Queen Lil: nationalist, determined to restore the power of the monarchy

n 1893: American residents staged a revolution against her, charging her with suppression of

n 1893: American residents staged a revolution against her, charging her with suppression of democracy and corruption: called for protection from the US navy: marines landed and forced her to step down: planters again called for annexation by the US n Outgoing Pres. Harrison signed an annexation agreement / treaty but the Senate refused to ratify it: new Pres. Cleveland also vetoed it: sent delegates to Hawaii to find out if the Queen had popular support or if the majority favored annexation

n Conclusion was that the revolution / demand for annexation was a minority /

n Conclusion was that the revolution / demand for annexation was a minority / American Sugar Plantation Owner movement: Cleveland withdrew the annexation treaty n Hawaiian Americans bided their time until a pro. Imperialist President emerged n The question of annexing Hawaii touched off the first full-fledged imperialist debate in the US

Spanish-American War n Cubans unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Spanish control in the Ten Year

Spanish-American War n Cubans unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Spanish control in the Ten Year War (1868 -1878) n 1895: Cubans staged another revolt against Spanish Imperialism n Spanish responded with a policy of brutality: Valerio “Butcher” Weyler’s set up concentration camps many Cubans died from diseases in the unsanitary conditions in these camps (some consisted of besieged towns)

US Involvement n US newspapers took a big interest in the war: Pulitzer’s New

US Involvement n US newspapers took a big interest in the war: Pulitzer’s New York World and Hearst’s New York Journal competed for circulation: tried to out-do each other with sensational headlines, scoops, pictures of Spanish atrocities n They hoped the US would become involved – more news, sell more newspapers; Sometimes exaggerated or invented incidents: “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war (by the US). ” Wars sell newspapers n Cuban immigrants on the East Coast of the US also tried to arouse US public sentiment against Spain

n Pres. Cleveland refused to send help to the Cubans – rejecting a resolution

n Pres. Cleveland refused to send help to the Cubans – rejecting a resolution passed by Congress in 1896 to recognize the justice of the revolt - though he offered to mediate: Spain rejected the offer n Pres. Mc. Kinley renewed the offer – also rejected: criticized the “uncivilized and inhuman conduct” of the Spanish n Afraid that this was a signal that the US might intervene to support the Cubans, the Spanish removed Weyler, and indicated they might introduce some kind of self government for Cuba

n Two dramatic incidents in Feb. 1898 changed the mind of the US gov.

n Two dramatic incidents in Feb. 1898 changed the mind of the US gov. n 1. The de Lome Letter: intercepted and published in Hearst’s New York Journal: Spanish ambassador to Washington called Mc. Kinley a weak man and a “bidder for the crowd. ” Was considered a national insult: de Lome was forced to resign; US public was outraged: upsurge in anti-Spanish feeling…fuelled by media n 2. Destruction of the US Battleship Maine in Havana Harbor: loss of 260 Marines: sent there in case there was a need to protect American property and lives in Cuba from Spanish attacks / atrocities

The explosion of the U. S. battleship Maine

The explosion of the U. S. battleship Maine

Newspaper headline of the Maine explosion

Newspaper headline of the Maine explosion

The dehumanization of Spain

The dehumanization of Spain

n Americans jumped to the conclusion that the Spanish were responsible: a hasty inquiry

n Americans jumped to the conclusion that the Spanish were responsible: a hasty inquiry concluded that an external explosion / device had caused the Maine to explode (later inquiry revealed that it was an internal accidental explosion by a boiler in the engine room) n Fuelled by Media headlines - Remember the Maine war hysteria began to sweep the country: strong demands for the US to declare war on Spain in Cuba to avenge the Maine n Mc. Kinley for now decided to ask the Spanish to agree to an armistice, followed by negotiations about a permanent peace, and end to the Concentration Camps

n Spanish agreed to end the camps, end hostilities, but no armistice, and no

n Spanish agreed to end the camps, end hostilities, but no armistice, and no negotiations, and reserved the right to resume the war at any time n Mc. Kinley was disappointed and decided to ask Congress for a declaration of war “in the name of humanity” in the “name of civilization” and on behalf of “endangered American interests” n US declared War on Spain in support of Cuba on April 25 th 1898.

n It was not at first seen as an imperialist war – the US

n It was not at first seen as an imperialist war – the US / Congress had no designs on Spanish territories: the Teller Amendment disclaimed any intention on the part of the US to annex Cuba, stating that it was a war to liberate, not to annex… a humanitarian mission…. Cuba would get its freedom after the Spanish were driven off n Features of War: n US incompetence; outdated weapons, tactics, … n Rough Riders / voluntary brigade of TR’s, led by Col Leonard Wood n Loss of 460 troops in battle, 5, 200 from disease (malaria, typhoid, dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid fever) and food poisoning…… Upton Sinclair, The Jungle n Cuban rebels were the decisive factor in defeat of Spanish n Delay in unifying US navy because of distance: Pacific and Atlantic fleets……. need for an isthmian Canal

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders

n Goals changed during the war when Commander Dewey was ordered to attack the

n Goals changed during the war when Commander Dewey was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay and occupy the Philippines n US forces were then sent also to occupy Puerto Rico and Guam…. the war to liberate Cuba had become a war to strip Spain of all its possessions in the Caribbean n Imperialist advocates in the US were excited: took advantage of the nationalism, patriotism, jingoism during the war to propose the annexation of Hawaii: n Media, Congress and Mc. Kinley supported this proposal: Hawaii was annexed / became a US territory in 1898: (not a state until 1959)…. first overseas colony

Battle of Manila

Battle of Manila

Philippines n Huge debate in the US about what the status of the Philippines

Philippines n Huge debate in the US about what the status of the Philippines should be when the war ended; should it be liberated or should the US annex it / turn it into a colony? n Mc. Kinley did not want to give it back to Spain, yet felt it was not ready to govern itself…if left alone it would fall into anarchy, and also feared that Germany might take it over

n Imperialists - Mahan, Lodge, Hay, TR, – supported annexation; argued that; Would provide

n Imperialists - Mahan, Lodge, Hay, TR, – supported annexation; argued that; Would provide economic benefits to the US and a link with the Orient n US missionaries could help Christianize and civilize these primitive people (Benevolent Imperialism) n This could be the beginning of an empire, of becoming a world power n If US didn’t take control, some other country would n

n Anti-imperialists – Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Cleveland, Bryan (eventually voted for the treaty as

n Anti-imperialists – Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Cleveland, Bryan (eventually voted for the treaty as a means of later giving the Philippines its freedom) – argued that Annexation of Philippines would draw the US into disputes with Russia, Japan, China n Betrayed US principle of government by consent n Would add to immigration, overpopulation problems if Filipinos were admitted to the US n

n Mc. Kinley was swayed by the Imperialists (and the inner voice of his

n Mc. Kinley was swayed by the Imperialists (and the inner voice of his prayers) and instructed delegates at the peace talks to negotiate to buy the Philippines, as well as Puerto Rico and Guam, which would then be annexed and become US territory…. goals had changed again n The Treaty of Paris: Spain recognized Cuban independence, and sold the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam to the US for $20 m: US Congress ratified the Treaty n Filipino resistance to US annexation was led by Emilio Aguinaldo: felt one imperial power had replaced another: three year war: 4, 300 Americans and 50, 000 Filipinos killed: US used brutal tactics of Spanish – inc. concentration camps – to defeat the guerilla fighters

n Howard Taft app. US governor of Philippines n Announced that his goal was

n Howard Taft app. US governor of Philippines n Announced that his goal was to prepare the Philippines for eventual independence (would not come until 1945/6) n US build roads, bridges, schools: administrative and financial reforms; estd. Public health system (benevolence)…. Philippines would have preferred to do without these and instead be free / independent (India, Gandhi…. )

Cuba n US military forces remained in Cuba after the Spanish left n Because

Cuba n US military forces remained in Cuba after the Spanish left n Because of growing Imperialist sentiment in the US the promises of the Teller Amendment were not fulfilled n US Government demanded that the new Cuban constitution make provision for US involvement in Cuban affairs…. . (new goals)

n Congress passed the Platt Amendment: as a condition of US troops leaving Cuba,

n Congress passed the Platt Amendment: as a condition of US troops leaving Cuba, Cuba would have to include in its constitution the following provisions: Cuba would not make any treaties with any foreign country or contract a debt beyond their resources, without the consent of the US n The US had the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Cuba “to preserve life, liberty, property” n Cuba had to give the US a permanent lease of 28, 000 acres at Guantanamo Bay to serve as a naval base; to be terminated only by mutual agreement n

n Cuba had no other option but to agree to the demands: the Platt

n Cuba had no other option but to agree to the demands: the Platt Amendment turned Cuba into a virtual protectorate (lower level colony) of the US n Cubans felt betrayed: US had not liberated them from Spain, but just replaced the Spanish (as in Philippines): US troops invaded / intervened on many occasions…became a Protectorate n The US built roads, hospitals, schools, reorganized legal, financial, and administrative systems (benevolence)… n US investments increased from $50 m to $220 m by 1902 (Economic Imperialism…. cultural imperialism / playground for rich and famous…. until Castro’s revolution in 1959)

Impact of Spanish-American War n The US had become an Imperial / World Power

Impact of Spanish-American War n The US had become an Imperial / World Power during the “splendid little war” (John Hay) (a colossal “coming- out party”)…Mahan’s “big navalism” seemed vindicated – US navy defeated Spanish navy n Had acquired its first overseas colonies (Hawaii, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico…. Cuba / a Protectorate)…. led to much celebration, something that unified North and South after the bitter Civil War: …. n But this would come with responsibilities and commitments – esp. in the Far East n Latin America became suspicious of US intentions / of “Yankee Imperialism”…. of what they called America’s “Bad Neighbor Policy” n TR, Taft, Wilson would continue with and expand the Imperialist policies of the Mc. Kinley administration

Political cartoon of Uncle Sam after the Spanish. American War, 1988

Political cartoon of Uncle Sam after the Spanish. American War, 1988

Insular Cases n One question that arose after the new acquisitions: did the Constitution

Insular Cases n One question that arose after the new acquisitions: did the Constitution apply to the new territories? n The Supreme Court’s solution came in the Insular Cases (De Lima v Bidwell, Downey v Bidwell): n The Constitution didn’t automatically follow the flag: it was up to Congress to decide case by case if the new territories had the rights of American citizens…. Not automatic…. constitutional rights were not given to any of these territories at this time

China and Open Door n US began to assert itself in Asia around this

China and Open Door n US began to assert itself in Asia around this time as part of the New Imperialism n US was late in taking an interest in trade with China: Britain, Germany, Russia, Japan had a head start – had carved out “spheres of influence” n US now insisted on Open Door in China: all nations freely trading in all parts of China – no specific spheres of influence / partition: no exclusion of any country from any part of China: equal access for all foreign nations

n John Hay sent the Open Door notes to foreign countries: they replied asking

n John Hay sent the Open Door notes to foreign countries: they replied asking for certain demands before agreeing: Hay announced that since they hadn’t objected then they were in favor of the new policy n When the US and other countries combined to defeat the Boxer Rebellion (anti-foreign rebellion) in China in 1900, the improved relations after the cooperation led to widespread acceptance of the Open Door policy n Later, Japan accepted this policy in the Root-Takahira Agreement

Foreign troops storming Peking during Boxer Rebellion

Foreign troops storming Peking during Boxer Rebellion

Imperialist policies of Progressive Presidents; TR, Taft, Wilson: 1902 -1917

Imperialist policies of Progressive Presidents; TR, Taft, Wilson: 1902 -1917

TR n Strong Imperialist before becoming President: supported ideas of Mahan: as Assistant Sec.

TR n Strong Imperialist before becoming President: supported ideas of Mahan: as Assistant Sec. of the Navy he favored expanding navy; gave orders to liberate the Philippines n Supported Political Imperialism (Great Nation Status): also believed in ideas of Strong: White Mans’ Burden, humanitarianism…. Cultural Imperialism. n And believed in Economic Imperialism…. find resources, markets (Supported Open Door in China) n Enjoyed involvement in Foreign Affairs: believed they should be handled exclusively by the President: Modern Presidency again (as with Progressive domestic policies)

n Believed an expanded Navy would act as a Big Stick: impress / intimidate

n Believed an expanded Navy would act as a Big Stick: impress / intimidate nations (esp. Latin America) into accepting US policies / wishes: then force would not be needed– “Speak softly and carry a big stick. ”…. But occasionally, force would have to be used…. . led to “gunboat diplomacy” or “cowboy diplomacy? n Big Stick at work; Great White Fleet to Japan after Gentleman’s Agreement, 1907…. . to intimidate n Advocated Corollary (extension) of the Monroe Doctrine (hands off warning to Europe): now the US would had the right to intervene in / to police the affairs of Latin America

n US took the responsibility of intervening in Latin America to make sure debts

n US took the responsibility of intervening in Latin America to make sure debts were paid back to Europe to avoid the need for them to return: “Preventive Intervention” through assistance with creating economic and social stability…collecting debts (taxes, tariffs…. ) n To prevent “Chronic Wrongdoing” (disorder, chaos, instability, overthrow of govs, intervention by European nations) n He turned Latin America in a virtual protectorate (like Cuba): into a “Yankee Lake” using “gunboat diplomacy” or “cowboy diplomacy”…. In the process the US would civilize, gain economic benefits, and become a Great Power through this new role in Latin America.

n 1902: sent navy and army to Venezuela to prevent the Germans from invading

n 1902: sent navy and army to Venezuela to prevent the Germans from invading to collect their debts. n The US offered to mediate when the British, Italians, and Germans complained about non-payment of debts, but then the Germans had gotten impatient and had begun to bomb some Venezuelan ports: n Roosevelt then insisted that the Germans back off and promised to restore economic stability to Venezuela and to oversee the payments of debts.

n 1904: he sent navy and troops to Haiti, also to stabilize the economy

n 1904: he sent navy and troops to Haiti, also to stabilize the economy and ensure payments of debts to Europe, to avoid invasion, and to prevent social revolution…. then the Dominican Republic n 1906: Roosevelt sent the navy and troops to Cuba, under the Platt Amendment, to prevent the government there from being overthrown. n In general, Latin American countries resented Roosevelt’s / US interference – it became known as the US Bad Neighbor Policy towards Latin America (continuation of policy began with Platt Amend). n His anti imperialist critics in Latin America and in the US accused him of engaging in “Yankee Imperialism”

n n Colombia / Panama For economic and military reasons (joining Atlantic and Pacific

n n Colombia / Panama For economic and military reasons (joining Atlantic and Pacific fleets), the US hoped that a canal would be built somewhere in Central America to link the Caribbean and the Pacific. n Nicargua had been discussed as a suitable location but frequent earthquakes there shifted attention to the Colombia / Panama area. n The US had an agreement that such a canal would be a joint project with the British but now the US wished to pursue this on its own. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, the British agreed that the US could opt out of their earlier agreement.

n Roosevelt bought out a French Company’s rights to build a Canal across Panama:

n Roosevelt bought out a French Company’s rights to build a Canal across Panama: for $40 m n Panama was controlled by / part of Colombia: TR tried to persuade Colombia to accept a payment of $10 m and an annual payment of $250, 000 for the canal zone / strip. n Colombian Gov demanded more – TR refused to improve his offer, feeling he had an agreement with their President, Marroquin (the Hay-Herran Treaty). n He then encouraged the Panamanians to pursue their demands for independence from Colombia, hinting that they would receive US assistance if they did so.

n The Panamanians rebelled in Nov. 1903, with help from the US who prevented

n The Panamanians rebelled in Nov. 1903, with help from the US who prevented the Colombian army and navy from getting to the rebels – and declared independence. n The new independent Panama accepted the offer he had made Colombia for the canal zone. n The Hay-Buneau-Varilla-Treaty gave the US a perpetual lease on the land / zone (10 miles by 51 miles). n The new Panamanian Constitution gave the US the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Panama

Political Cartoon of Uncle Sam taking control of the Canal Zone

Political Cartoon of Uncle Sam taking control of the Canal Zone

Building of the Panama Canal

Building of the Panama Canal

n Latin American countries were again critical of US interference in the internal affairs

n Latin American countries were again critical of US interference in the internal affairs of Colombia, saw this as further evidence of the US Bad Neighbor policy…of Big Stick…Yankee Imperialism n Canal was a huge construction project (Erie Canal, Transcontinental RR, previous huge projects) took 10 yrs to build, completed in 1914, cost of $400 m, hundreds of lives were lost due to yellow fever / malaria from the mosquito bites in the swamps. n Reduced the distance from US west coast to east coast from 13, 000 miles to 5, 000 miles; huge advantage to trade and to navy…and made it easier to dominate Latin America…. . Big Stick facilitated

n In China Roosevelt supported the Open Door Policy. To facilitate the Open Door

n In China Roosevelt supported the Open Door Policy. To facilitate the Open Door he hoped to stabilize Asian politics…. feared that the war between Russia and Japan 1904 – 1905. . . would de-stabilize the area n When the war ended he brought delegates from both countries to New Hampshire where they signed the Treaty of Portsmouth which settled their differences n For his role in the Treaty he was regarded as a global statesman – and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize n (Remember Gentleman’s Agreement and Root-Takahira Agreement).

Political Cartoon of Roosevelt as the world constable

Political Cartoon of Roosevelt as the world constable

Taft n He agreed with Roosevelt on the need for Economic and Political Stability

Taft n He agreed with Roosevelt on the need for Economic and Political Stability in Latin American n But he rejected Big Stick – intimidation through the show of or use of force -and preferred that the US should bring stability through controlling the economies of Latin American countries – he encouraged more US investors to invest in Latin American countries – set up banks, buy mines, buy land, start businesses, buy out European loans, bail out L. A. Governments…make them dependent on the US / US Banks n with US businesses bringing economic stability, then political stability would follow

n US investment would replace European investment and this would help protect the Monroe

n US investment would replace European investment and this would help protect the Monroe Doctrine. This policy came to be known as Dollar Diplomacy – more focused on economic issues than on political, on investment over force. n US investments in Latin Am, esp. in Nicaragua, Haiti, Honduras, and Mexico, increased by $72 m – Americans invested in mining, banana and coffee plantations, railroads etc. n Gave loans to Latin American Gov’s, bailed out Latin American Gov’s by paying off their European debts…. . controlled them in this way

n He also encouraged investment in China…Open Door, esp. in Railroads, n However, though

n He also encouraged investment in China…Open Door, esp. in Railroads, n However, though Taft preferred Dollar Diplomacy, he reluctantly felt the need to resort to military intervention / Big Stick on several occasions sending the marines to put down disorder in Cuba, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. n Used gunboat diplomacy to complement Dollar Diplomacy

Wilson n Wilson hoped to bring his idealism to foreign policy – he rejected

Wilson n Wilson hoped to bring his idealism to foreign policy – he rejected Imperialism, both Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy and advocated what he called “Moral Diplomacy” which included recognition of the right of foreign nations to “self determination. ” n He wanted the US to be less aggressive in its foreign policy…. advocated respect for Self Determination for all nations…. and that the US encourage and support Democracy there n Guided by Moral Diplomacy he tried to correct what he considered were past wrongs

n The Jones Act of 1916 granted full territorial status to the Philippines, deciding

n The Jones Act of 1916 granted full territorial status to the Philippines, deciding that citizenship / Constitution etc…followed the flag in this case. n The Philippines was also given more autonomy than before, and was promised independence in the near future, when it was considered that they had a stable govt. n In 1917, Wilson granted inhabitants of Puerto Rico the status of full citizens and gave Puerto Rico limited self govt. n With regard to Panama he decided that US ships would pay the same tolls as any other ships using the canal

n But eventually, he too, like Taft, felt the need for economic and political

n But eventually, he too, like Taft, felt the need for economic and political stability in Latin America, and ended up compromising his principles and supporting both Big Stick and Dollar Diplomacy to maintain stability. n He sent the marines to Haiti to suppress a revolt - the US took control of its finance system and its police force

n sent marines to Dominican Republic in 1916 (remained there until 1934) to put

n sent marines to Dominican Republic in 1916 (remained there until 1934) to put down a revolt – again, the US took control of its financial system, as with Haiti n sent troops to Cuba to put down an anti-gov. revolt n purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark n Also encouraged US investments in Latin America: so successfully that it was said that he made Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy look like Ten Cents Diplomacy

n Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin American is remembered most for his interference in

n Wilson’s foreign policy in Latin American is remembered most for his interference in the internal affairs of Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution n Supported the overthrow of the dictator Huerta: assisted Villa, Zapata, and Carranza (arms, moral support) against him n Occupied Vera Cruz / Tampico demanding a 21 gun salute and apology for accidental arrest of marines: refused: US occupies port: tried to undermine Huerta’s regime: backfired, actually fuelled Mexican nationalism; Wilson realizes his mistake: withdrawal negotiated by ABC powers

n Offered US support to Carranza in return for promise to protect US investments

n Offered US support to Carranza in return for promise to protect US investments from nationalization: Wilson trying to control revolution / constitution. Carranza would not agree n Seemed like US switched its support to Villa, then back again to Carranza n Furious, Villa killed 19 Americans in Mexico and then invaded the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing another 18 Americans n Eventually Huerta is overthrown…Carranza succeeds him n Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing to Mexico to search for Villa ( 2 nd invasion): no success…really trying to manipulate Carranza…. to stop him applying the 1917 Constitution, to stop him confiscating / nationalizing US owned property

Woodrow Wilson negotiates with Mexico

Woodrow Wilson negotiates with Mexico

n Pershing withdrawn: sent to Europe after US entered WWI, April 1917 n So

n Pershing withdrawn: sent to Europe after US entered WWI, April 1917 n So much for Moral Diplomacy, or for Self. Determination for all (small) nations – his stated goal for the US entering WWI……under Wilson the US had interfered / intervention in the affairs of Haiti, Cuba, DR, Mexico…. and promoted Dollar Diplomacy

U. S. Emerges as a World Power 1. . 2 J

U. S. Emerges as a World Power 1. . 2 J

n n n n Dollar Diplomacy" in the Americas The outgoing President Theodore Roosevelt

n n n n Dollar Diplomacy" in the Americas The outgoing President Theodore Roosevelt laid the foundation for this approach in 1904 with his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (under which United States Marines were frequently sent to Central America) maintaining that if any nation in the Western Hemisphere appeared politically and fiscally so unstable as to be vulnerable to European control, the United States had the right and obligation to intervene. Taft continued and expanded the policy, starting in Central America, where he justified it as a means of protecting the Panama Canal. In 1908, he attempted unsuccessfully to establish control over Honduras by buying up its debt to British bankers. Dollar Diplomacy was not always peaceful. In Nicaragua, U. S. "intervention involved participating in the overthrow of one government and the military support" of another. When a revolt broke out in Nicaragua in 1912, the Taft administration quickly sided with the insurgents (who had been instigated by U. S. mining interests) and sent U. S. troops into the country to seize the customs houses. As soon as the U. S. consolidated control over the country, Secretary of State Philander C. Knox encouraged U. S. bankers to move into the country and offer substantial loans to the new regime, thus increasing U. S. financial leverage over the country. Within two years, however, the new pro-U. S. regime faced a revolt of its own; and, once again, the administration landed U. S. troops in Nicaragua, this time to protect the tottering, corrupt U. S. regime. U. S. troops remained there for over a decade. Another dangerous new trouble spot was the revolution-riddled Caribbean—now largely dominated by U. S. interests. Hoping to head off trouble, Washington urged U. S. bankers to pump dollars into the financial vacuum in Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign funds. The United States would not permit foreign nations to intervene, and consequently felt obligated to prevent economic and political instability. The State Department persuaded four U. S. banks to refinance Haiti's national debt, setting the stage for further intervention in the future. [edit] Repudiation by President Wilson The Taft-Knox approach to foreign policy was repudiated by President Woodrow Wilson within a few weeks of his inauguration in 1913. Although he did not abstain from Caribbean intervention, dollar diplomacy was no longer an explicit U. S. national policy. [edit] Complete Overview

n n From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State

n n From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as "dollar diplomacy. " Taft shared the view held by Knox (a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U. S. Steel) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad, and through this stability promote American commercial interests. Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities, but also to use private capital to further U. S. interests overseas. "Dollar diplomacy" was evident in extensive U. S. interventions in the Caribbean and Central America, especially in measures undertaken to safeguard American financial interests in the region. In China, Knox secured the entry of an American banking conglomerate, headed by J. P. Morgan, into a European-financed consortium financing the construction of a railway from Huguang to Canton. In spite of successes, "dollar diplomacy" failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and China. Dollar Diplomacy, known as “[a] policy aimed at furthering the interests of the United States abroad by encouraging the investment of U. S. capital in foreign countries, ” was initiated by President William Taft. The United States felt obligated, though the Dollar Diplomacy, to uphold economic and political stability. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy not only allowed the United States to gain financially from countries, but also resisted other foreign countries from reaping any sort of financial gain. Consequently, when the United States benefited from other countries, other world powers could not reap those same benefits. “Taft maintained an activist approach to foreign policy. On one hand, he was the initiator of what became known as Dollar Diplomacy, in which the United States used its military might to promote American business interests abroad. Taft defended his Dollar Diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. Taft was a major supporter of arbitration as the most viable method of settling international disputes” ( Multi. Educator, Inc. ). Quickly becoming a world power, America sought to further influence abroad. President Taft realized that by instituting the Dollar Diplomacy, it would be pernicious to the financial gain of other countries. Thus the United States would benefit greatly. The United States and President Taft employed economic power to gain business control over less prominent countries. Instead of resorting to war, the United States could more effectively and less expensively gain economic power. But equally as important, other countries could not gain financially from the countries “economically bullied” by the United States. Therefore, while the United States was tenacious in its effort to enforce the Dollar Diplomacy, other world powers lost out on gaining economic power over these same countries.