IMPERIALISM 1872 1912 BELL RINGER 11 1 What

IMPERIALISM 1872— 1912

BELL RINGER #11 1) What is imperialism? 2) How did the U. S. become an imperial power? PAGE 393

IMPERIALISM • ***imperialism – the economic and political dominance of a strong nation over other weaker nations. *** • Reasons for U. S. imperialism: – thirst for new economic markets – belief in the cultural superiority of the Anglo. Saxon culture – desire for military strength

IMPERIALISM

NEW MARKETS • Americans felt that the nation had to develop new markets to keep the economy strong. • “We are raising more than we can consume … we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor. ” – Albert J. Beveridge AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE 1870 -1914

U. S. FOREIGN INVESTMENTS 1869 -1908

SUPERIORITY • Social Darwinists argued that nations competed with each other politically, economically, and militarily, and that only the strongest would survive. • ***The idea of Anglo. Saxonism argued that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government. *** • A new Manifest Destiny?

WHITE MAN’S BURDEN

MILITARY STRENGTH • In the late 1800 s international crises in the Samoa Islands, Chile, and Venezuela convinced the U. S. to build a modern navy. • ***Supporters argued that if the U. S. did not build up its navy, it would be shut of foreign markets. *** • The U. S would have to build more navy ships, naval bases in oversea markets, and coaling stations to supply fuel for ships.

MILITARY STRATEGIC INTERESTS

JAPAN • In 1853, a naval expedition led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry entered Tokyo Bay. • The Japanese had never seen steamships and were very impressed. • Perry’s arrival forced Japan to make internal changes to compete against modern technology and weapons. • In 1854, the Japanese signed the Treaty of Kanagawa opening trade with the U. S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry

TREATY OF KANAGAWA – 1854

ALASKA • Alaska was purchased from Russia for 7. 2 million dollars (2 cents per acre) in 1867. – Seward’s Folly – Seward’s Icebox • It was twice the size of Texas. • Alaska remained a territory until it became a state in 1959 (49 th state). William H. Seward Secretary of State

ALASKAN PURCHASE

SEWARD’S ICEBOX

SEWARD’S FOLLY • When asked what his greatest achievement in office was, William H. Seward responded: – “The purchase of Alaska, but it will take the people of the United States a generation before they realize it. ”

HAWAII Queen Liliuokalini • Hawaii had become a U. S. protectorate in 1849. • Disputes over the price of sugar led to an uprising against Queen Liliuokalini in 1893. • ***The Hawaiian monarchy was overthrown by a group of planters supported by the U. S. marines. *** • Hawaii was annexed by the U. S. in 1898, but remained a territory until 1959 (50 th state).

CROSSROADS OF THE PACIFIC

HAWAIIAN ANNEXATION CEREMONY— 1898

BELL RINGER #12 1) In 1898 more than 200 Americans died when the battleship U. S. S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. This event prompted the beginning of the – F Mexican-American War G Civil War H Spanish-American War J Russo-Japanese War 2) What were the pros and cons of annexing the Philippines? What did annexation eventually lead to? PAGE 404

CUBA • Cuba was one of Spain’s oldest colonies and had one of the world’s wealthiest sugarcane markets. • After an unsuccessful rebellion in 1878, Cubans began planning for a new revolt in 1895. • The Republic of Cuba was established in September of 1895 and Cuban rebels engaged in a guerilla war. • Many Cubans suffered from Spanish atrocities and hoped the U. S. would intervene in the war. • ***American support for the rebels in Cuba was fueled by yellow journalism. ***

SPANISH ATROCITIES

YELLOW JOURNALISM Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst • ***yellow journalism – type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers. *** • William Randolph Hearst from the New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World both used yellow journalism to describe Spanish atrocities against Cubans. • This led many Americans to support the Cuban rebels fighting for independence.

YELLOW JOURNALISM

U. S. S. MAINE EXPLODES • The U. S. S. Maine had been sent to Havana harbor by President Mc. Kinley, to protect American interests in Cuba. • February 15, 1898 the Maine explodes. • March 28, 1898, a naval court concluded that a mine had destroyed the Maine. • Many Americans immediately blamed the Spanish. • “Remember the Maine and to hell with Spain!”

EXPLOSION OF THE MAINE

WRECKAGE

REMEMBER THE MAINE Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

YELLOW JOURNALISM

DE LOME LETTER • Enrique Dupuy de Lôme was the Spanish ambassador to the U. S. • February 1898 the New York Journal printed a private letter written by de Lôme describing President Mc. Kinley: – “weak and catering to the rabble … a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party. ". ” • The letter outraged many Americans and Ambassador de Lôme resigned, but before the fury could die down, the Enrique Dupuy de Lôme Maine exploded. Spanish Ambassador

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • After the explosion of the Maine, President Mc. Kinley felt pressure from all sides to declare war. • In April of 1898, Mc. Kinley sent Spain a proposal that eventually led to war. – Declared Cuba independent – Demanded Spain withdraw from Cuba • April 23, 1898 the Spanish declared war on the U. S. William Mc. Kinley 25 th President

THE PHILIPPINES Commodore George Dewey • The Philippines were a Spanish colony and the U. S. was determined not to let Spain get any reinforcements from the Pacific. • Led by Commodore George Dewey the U. S. quickly seized the Philippine capital of Manila by outgunning Spanish warships. • The U. S. also seized the island of Guam, another Spanish possession in the Pacific. • Spain was easily defeated in the Pacific, but new tensions grew between the U. S. and the Philippines.

BATTLE FOR MANILA BAY

DEWEY CAPTURES MANILA

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

WAR IN CUBA • U. S. forces wanted to drive the Spanish fleet out of Santiago Harbor. • In July 1898 American troops forced the Spanish navy to flee with key victories at El Caney and San Juan Heights. • Spanish resistance in Cuba ended after the U. S. navy sank or beached every Spanish vessel attempting to escape Santiago. • A cease-fire was signed in August 1898.

WAR IN CUBA

CASUALTIES OF WAR

TREATY OF PARIS 1898 • War began – April 23, 1898 • Cease-fire – August 12, 1898 • Treaty of Paris – December 10, 1898 – ***Cuba became an independent country, and the U. S. acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and agreed to pay Spain $20 million for the Philippines. **** • The U. S. became an imperial power.

EMILIO AGUINALDO • Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino revolutionary leader who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Spanish in 1896. • He allied with American forces during the Spanish-American War. • Aguinaldo was against U. S. annexation calling it, “violent and aggressive seizure. ” • He fought against U. S. forces, following annexation, but was captured and forced to surrender in 1902.

PHILIPPINE—AMERICAN WAR • • June 12, 1898 Independence Day In February 1899 the Philippines led by Emilio Aguinaldo went to war with the U. S. Thousands of Filipinos died of starvation and disease, but the U. S. was able to reduce hostilities by reforming education, transportation, and health care. Aguinaldo was eventually captured in March 1901 and he accepted American control of the islands. In 1946, the United States granted independence to the Philippines.

AGUINALDO SURRENDERS

PUERTO RICO • Puerto Rico became an “unincorporated territory” in 1898. • Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the U. S. in 1917. • Puerto Ricans elect their own legislators & governor to enforce local laws. • Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U. S. presidential elections.

CUBAN INDEPENDENCE • • After the war, Cuba was granted its independence, but the U. S. had to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the U. S. The U. S. added the Platt Amendment to the Cuban Constitution and specified the following: 1. Cuba could not enter any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U. S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent government. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U. S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. • ***The Platt Amendment effectively made Cuba into an American protectorate until it was repealed in 1934. ***

BELL RINGER #13 • • • 1) USS Maine sinks. Spanish-American War begins. United States acquires Puerto Rico and Guam The events above took place in what year? F 1865 G 1898 H 1914 J 1929 2) What was the purpose of the Open Door policy? PAGE 410 -411

THEODORE ROOSEVELT SECRETARY OF THE NAVY • Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the Mc. Kinley administration. • Imperialist and American nationalist. • Criticized President Mc. Kinley as having the, “backbone of a chocolate éclair. ” • Resigns his position to fight with Rough Riders in Cuba.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT ROUGH RIDER • The “Rough Riders” were a volunteer cavalry unit from the American West. – cowboys, miners, law officers • Theodore Roosevelt was second in command of the “Rough Riders. ” • Roosevelt and his men assisted in the capture of San Juan Hill.

ROUGH RIDERS

THEODORE ROOSEVELT 26 TH PRESIDENT • • Governor of New York 1898 Vice President 1900 -1901 President 1901 -1908 Roosevelt brought to the presidency an energy and enthusiasm rarely seen before. – Youngest president (42)–former boxer, wrestler, cowboy, hunter • Insisted that displaying American power to the world would make nations think twice about going to war. • ***“Speak softly and carry a big stick. ”***

BIG STICK POLICY

CHINA • • • In 1894 war erupted between China and Japan over Korea. Japan’s easy victory over China showed outside nations that China was much weaker than anyone had thought. Many nations began leasing territories in China: – • Japan, Russia, Germany, France, Britain. The U. S. was concerned because they believed in an Open Door policy.

LEASEHOLDS IN CHINA

OPEN DOOR POLICY • • • John Hay Secretary of State ***Open Door policy – policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely. *** John Hay sent notes to all countries with leaseholds in China asking them not to discriminate against other nations wanting to do business in China. The Open Door policy ensured that all nations had access to China’s market and guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

OPEN DOOR POLICY

BOXER REBELLION • • While foreign countries fought for control of China, secret Chinese societies organized to push foreigners out. ***The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt by Chinese revolutionaries to remove foreign influence from China in 1900. *** The Boxers invaded foreign embassies, killed more than 200 foreigners, and took others prisoner. An international force ended the rebellion in August of 1900.

THE BOXERS

THEODORE ROOSEVELT NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNER • Roosevelt helped negotiate peace between Japan and Russia in 1905. • At a peace conference in Portsmouth, NH, Roosevelt: – convinced the Russians to recognize Japan’s territorial gains. – persuaded the Japanese to stop fighting and to seek no further territory. • For his efforts in ending the war, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR TEDDY

GREAT WHITE FLEET • • “Speak softly and carry a big stick. ” Roosevelt believed in a strong global military presence and by displaying American power to the world, nations would think twice about fighting, thus promoting global peace. ***In 1907 he sent the new U. S. Navy on a voyage around the world to showcase the nation’s military might. *** The new U. S. Navy consisted of 16 battleships known as the “Great White Fleet. ”

GREAT WHITE FLEET

BIG STICK POLICY

PANAMA CANAL • • The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. ***The U. S. gained control of the land needed to build the Panama canal by encouraging and supporting Panamanian independence. *** It was built between 1904 and 1914. A ship traveling from New York to San Francisco only travels 5, 900 miles via the canal rather than the 14, 000 miles around Cape Horn.

BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL

PANAMA CANAL

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY • • In an address to Congress in 1904, President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. ***The U. S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere. ***

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

MEXICAN REVOLUTION • Porfiro Diaz Francisco Madero • • Venustiano Carranza • Emiliano Zapata Pancho Villa After 30 years of being dictator, Porfiro Diaz is replaced with Francisco Madero in 1910. Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered. Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, and Emiliano Zapata, fought against Huerta. The U. S. got involved by occupying Veracruz and forcing Huerta to flee the country.

U. S. INTERVENTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA: 1898— 1920