Imperialism 1 Building Overseas Empires Ch 12 Sec

Imperialism 1

Building Overseas Empires Ch. 12 Sec. 1 2

Vocabulary Focus �Imperialism: � domination by one country of the political, economic, and cultural life of another country or region �Protectorate: � country with its own government but under the control of an outside power �Sphere of Influence: � area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges 3

Causes of Imperialism � 1. Economics: �Industrial Revolution created needs/desires that caused want for overseas expansion �want for rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil �Hoped for new markets to sale manufactured goods �Bankers invested for profits 4

� 2. Political and Military motives: �Ships needed ports around the world to take on coal and supplies �Nationalism played a role- when one country moved into an area, other Euro countries countered to prevent expansion 5

� 3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals �Missionaries, doctors, & colonial officials believed they had a duty to “spread the blessings of Western culture” � 4. Social Darwinism �Westerners embraced ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest �West was superior than other “weaker” races 6

Spread of Western Imperialism �Weakness of non-western states �Ottoman Turks, Mughal India, Qing China in decline �Slave trade weakened West Africa �Western Advantages �Strong economies, well-organized governments, powerful militaries, superior technology/medicine 7

�Resisting Imperialism: �Africans and Asians especially tried to resist Western expansion �Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to expel imperialist �Facing Criticisms at home �Small group of anti-imperialists emerged � Moving toward greater democracy at home, but imposing undemocratic rule on other peoples 8

Forms of Imperial Rule � 1. Direct rule - France �Send officials and soldiers to administer their colonies � 2. Indirect Rule – Great Britain �Used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers to rule, and encouraged the children to attend British schools- could still use force if necessary 9

� 3. Protectorate: �Local rulers left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Euro advisors �Costs less to run than a colony, usually did not require large commitment of military forces � 4. Sphere of Influence: �Area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges �Carved these spheres in China & other areas to prevent conflict among themselves 10

Partition of Africa Ch. 12 Sec. 2 11

Vocabulary Focus �Paternalistic: � the system of governing a country as a father would a child � Westerners saw Africans as children in need of guidance �Elite: � upper class 12

Africa early 1800 s �North Africa: �Sahara and fertile land along Mediterranean �Remained under declining Ottoman rule (Muslims) �West Africa: �Usman dan Fodio called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia (Islamic law) � Literacy increased, local wars quieted, trade improved �Inspired other Islamic reform movements 13

�East Africa: �Islam was very influential where in port cities there was profitable trade �Slaves were often the cargo, but ivory and copper were exchanged for cloth and firearms �Southern Africa: �Zulus led by Shaka ruled much of the south � Set off mass migrations and wars- Boer Wars 14

Sierra Leone � 1787 British organized this colony in West Africa former slaves to live �Later more freed blacks from US settled in nearby Liberia- 1847 it had become an independent republic 15

European Contact � 1500 -1700 Europeans traded on coast but did not move interior � 1800 s with medical advancements and steamboatthat changed �Some wanted to map the interior- did not understand the people they met �Catholic and Protestant missionaries followed 16

Livingstone Blazes a Trail �Crisscrossed Africa for 30 years �Wrote about people he met- more sympathy/ less bias �To end slave trade- open interior to Christianity and trade � 1869 - Henry Stanley tracked him down �“Dr. Livingstone, I presume? ” 17

Scramble for Colonies � 1884 Berlin Conference �No Africans were invited to the conference �Recognized King Leopold’s claim to the Congo- called for free trade along the Congo and Niger rivers �Agreed Euro power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had an established government with an office �Race to colonize Africa had begun 18

European Colonies �Belgians under King Leopold exploited the riches of the Congo �Brutalized the villagers and forced them to work �Leopold was forced to turn his colony over to the Belgium government � better treatment, still exploited �France extended its influence along Mediterranean into Tunisia, as well as West and Central Africa 19

�Britain’s land was scattered but was more heavily populated than France’s �West and East Africa, Egypt, and Sudan �In south Africa, Britain clashed with the Boers (decedents of Dutch settlers)- forcing the Boers to move north �Late 1800 s: Boers found gold and diamonds �led to conflict with Britain- who won but at great cost (Boer War) �Led to Union of South Africa- racial segregation 20

�Portuguese: Angola and Mozambique �Italy: Libya and into the “horn” �Germany: eastern and southern lands- Cameroons and Togo 21

African Resist Imperialism �French fought Samori Toure who led Algerians �British battled Zulus in southern Africa and Asante in the west �Germans fought against the Yao and Herero �Ethiopia succeeded in resisting Euro colonization under Menelik II �Modernized Ethiopia and defeated Italians �Only independent nation besides Liberia 22

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Germany Strengthens Chapt. 10 Sec. 2 24

Vocabulary Focus �Kulturkampf �Bismarck’s “Battle for Civilization” in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church �Social Welfare �Programs to help certain groups of people 25

Germany Becomes an Industrial Giant �Germany possessed many of the industrial factorsbehind Great Britain �Disciplined and educated workforce helped the economy �Rapid population growth provided huge home market/workforce �Government supported applied sciences and promoted economic development 26

The Iron Chancellor �Otto von Bismarck became first Chancellor of the newly unified German empire �Pursued several foreign-policy goals � Wanted to keep France weak while building strong links with Austria and Russia � Respected British Navy but did not compete with them �Domestic policies dealt with: � Sought to erase local loyalties and crush all opposition to the imperial state � Targeted Catholic Church and the Socialists 27

Campaign against the Church and Socialists �Campaign against the Church: �Catholics made up about a third of the German population �Bismarck distrusted Catholics- especially the clergy- whose first loyalty was to the Pope instead of the state �Launched Kulturkampf “Battle for Civilization”- his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above allegiance to the Church �His moves against the Church backfired- the faithful rallied behind the Church and the Catholic party gained strength in the Reichstag � Bismarck admitted his mistake and worked to make peace with the. Church 28

�Campaign against the Socialists: �Bismarck feared that socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers and turn them toward revolution �Had laws passed that dissolved socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and banned their meetings �His plan backfired again- workers were unified in support of the socialist cause �Bismarck then set out to “woo” workers away from socialism- he became a pioneer in social reform � Workers benefitted from Bismarck’s plan but still did not abandon socialism 29

Kaiser William II � 1888 William II succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser �Supremely confident and sought to put his own stamp on Germany � 1890 - asked Otto von Bismarck to resign- “There is only one master in the Reich, and that is I. ” 30

�William resisted efforts to introduce democratic reforms �His government did provide programs for social welfare, cheap transportation, excellent public school education �Spent lavish amounts of German money on German military- already the most powerful in Europe �Also launched a campaign to expand the German Navywon an overseas empire to rival those of Britain and France �His ambitious and aggressive military stance increased tensions on the eve of World War I 31

Japan Modernizes Ch. 13 Sec. 1 32

Japan Opens Up �July 1853 American ships under Matthew Perry landed in Tokyo Bay �Letter from President Fillmore demanded Japan open its borders to trade �Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 - Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships, but not for trade � US quickly won rights on trade, extraterritoriality, and low taxes on American imports �Led to social and economic unrest 33

Meiji Restoration (1868 -1912) �Under the new emperor- Mutsuhito (took the name Meiji meaning “enlightened rule”) the capital moved from Kyoto to Edo and was renamed Tokyo �Moto: “A rich country, a strong military” �Studied Western ways and adapted them to Japanese needs- invited westerners to teach Japanese �Created a strong central government from the previous feudal order �All citizens were equal before the law 34

�Leaders made the economy a major priority �Encouraged Japanese to adopt western business ideas �New Constitution ended legal distinctions between classes �Distinctions survived, but improved laws for the lower classes �Japan modernized with amazing speed �By 1890 Japan was strong enough to force Western powers to revise the unequal treaties 35

Japan’s Growing Military Strength �As it grew as an industrial power, its economic needs fed its imperial desires �Japan lacked many of the basic resources needed for industrialization �Japan focused on Korea- at crossroads of East Asia, it was already the focus of Russia, China, and now Japan � 1876 - Japan forced Korea to open its ports to trade � 1894 - competition over Korea led Japan and China to the First Sino-Japanese War � Japan defeated the Chinese! 36

�Ten years later- japan challenged Russia for territory in Korea and Manchuria- Russo-Japanese war �Japan defeated Russian troops in Manchuria and its navy nearly destroyed the Russian fleet �Japan made Korea a protectorate, then annexed it outright �Ruled Korea for 35 years before a violence broke out �March First Movement became a rallying symbol for Korean nationalists �By the early 1900 s- Japan was the strongest power in Asia 37

Consequences of Imperialism Ch. 13 Sec. 4 38

Economic Consequences �Suez Canal �French entrepreneur built it to connect Mediterranean with Red Sea and the Indian Ocean � 1875 Ottomans could not afford to pay back the loans so the leader sold his shares to the British 39

�Panama Canal �US wanted to build a canal across Central America but the Columbians refused to sell the land � 1903 US backed Panamanians in a revolt against Columbia � Gave US rights to the land as a thank you � Panama Canal opened 1914 � To Latin America the canal was another example of “Yankee Imperialism” 40

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Political Doctrine �Monroe Doctrine �“The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. ” �Roosevelt Corollary �Added to the Monroe Doctrine- The United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere 42