Imperial Rome 2 1 The Monarchy c 753

Imperial Rome 2

1. The Monarchy c. 753 -500 BCE 2. The Republic c. 500 -27 BCE – The Early Republic c. 500 -264 BCE – The Wars with Carthage 264 -146 BCE – The Late Republic 134 -27 BCE 3. The Empire 27 BCE- 3. 1 The Early Empire/ the Principate 27 BCE-180 CE • • The Augustan Settlement The Pax Romana – Roman engineering, Roman law 3. 2 The Third-Century Crisis 180 -284 CE 3. 3 The Late Empire/ the Dominate 284 -476 • • Emperor Diocletian’s reforms 284 -305 The barbarian kingdoms 3

3. 1. 1 The Empire: the Augustan Settlement • Octavian ruled over Italy and the provinces for 44 years (31 BCE to 14 CE) • 27 BCE the Senate bestowed upon him a series of offices and titles: concentration on one person of the powers of many existing officials – Augustus (meaning ‘sacred’, ‘revered’. From ‘augury’: reading divine signs) – emperor (‘victorious general’, conferred by the army) – pontifex maximus – princeps (‘first citizen’, his favourite title) – Permanent authority of proconsul and tribune 4

• Rome remained a republic in legality – no clearly defined system of succession • Family connection (by blood or adoption), the Praetorian Guard, the Senate • From Republic to Empire: – Changes in attitude of the people: civil wars made peace in any form acceptable. Who was there who had seen the republic? – Roman politics was still dominated by privileged families who competed, as before, for offices 5

3. 1. 2 The Pax Romana of the Early Empire (27 BCE- 180 CE) • Expansion continued to 117 – Augustus: Egypt, Switzerland, Austria, Bulgaria – Claudius (41 -54): Britain – Trajan (97 -117): Dacia, Mesopotamia • Hadrian’s ‘new direction’ (117 -138) – Abandoned Trajan’s eastern campaigns – Hadrian’s wall 6

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• Hadrian’s ‘new direction’ (117 -138) – – Hairstyle, beard Cultured and artistic: the Pantheon in Rome Travels 121 -25, 128 -32 The Roman way of life 8

Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1836 -1912) A Favorite Custom Tate Gallery, London 9

Roman Law • The Twelve Tables c. 450 BCE • The praetors – could define the law in a lawsuit (thus modify the existing law) and issue instructions to judges • The jurists (amateur law experts) – could give opinions on the legal issue of cases under trial • The civil law; the law of peoples (property, purchase and sale, partnership, contract) • The natural law – Stoics: a rational order of nature that embodied justice and right; prior to the state itself – Jurists: an ideal to which statutes and decrees ought to conform 10

3. 2 The Crisis of the Third Century (180 -284 CE) • Empire on the brink of ruin – Political chaos • Commodus (d. 192) • 235 -284: 26 ‘barracks emperors’, 25 met violent death – External threats • Germans (251 Goths in the Balkans) • Persians (260 Valerian) – Economic effects of the civil wars Philip 244 -49 • Agriculture and trade effected • Coinage debased to pay the higher wages of the army • High taxation – Plagues (Marcus Aurelius, mid-3 rd. C) 11 Decius 249 -51

3. 3. 1 The Late Empire: the reorganisation of Diocletian (284 -305) • Political reforms: orientalisation – Civil bureaucracy – Court ceremonials; ‘dominus’ replacing ‘princeps’ – Dividing the Empire – formal rules of succession • College of emperors • permanent 395(-476); Constantinople 330 • Economic reforms – Currency, fixing prices and wages, hereditary vocations, taxation 12

3. 3. 2 Policy of Accommodating the Barbarians • The Visigoths were assigned land or tax – • • 382 the Balkans/ 418 Aquitaine Likewise the Burgundians 443 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Vandals invaded – 406 crossed the Rhine, 429 -439 took Carthage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • The Franks infiltrated – 446 Tournai/ 486 defeated Syagrius ‘King of Soissons’ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • • 467 Odovacer ousted the last Roman Emperor 493 the Ostrogoths 13

• Who are the Barbarians? – Agriculturalists, villagers – Tribes: more ‘processes’ than stable structures – a short history – Peaceful contact with the empire • Trading across the border • Foederati (esp from 2 nd half of the 3 rd c), ‘imperial Germans’ (4 -5 th c highest ranks in the Roman military) • The barbarian kingdoms of the 5 th and 6 th c were all under the emperor(s) • Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527 -565) ‘to restore lost territories’ 14

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 4 WIKIPEDIA (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Statue-Augustus. jpg)， 2012. 03. 26 visited. 5 國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉慧 教授。 6 Western Civilization (http: //wps. prenhall. com/hss_king_westernciv_3/42/10759/2754400. cw/content/ind ex. html)，2012. 04. 26 visited. 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 6 Ancient Rome / preslickageo (http: //preslickahr 3 g 1. wikispaces. com/)， 2012. 04. 03 visited. 6 國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉慧 教授。 15

頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 7 Flickr / Paul Stevenson (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/pss/259609140/)， 2012. 04. 03 visited. 7 English Heritage / Philip Corke (http: //www. english-heritage. org. uk/daysout/properties/banks-east-turret-hadrianswall/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。 8 Flickr / mharrsch (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/mharrsch/1153042040/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 8 Flickr / Mark Bridge (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/markbridge/2405371447/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 8 WIKIPEDIA (http: //fr. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fichier: Trajan-Xanten. JPG)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 16

頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 9 Flickr / Tamas. Buti (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/tamasbuti/4323409034/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 9 Flickr / Michael Tinkler (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/michaeltinkler/2422064111/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 9 WIKIPEDIA (http: //zh. wikipedia. org/zh-hk/File: Alma. Tadema_A_Favourite_Custom_1909_Tate_Britain. jpg)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 11 Flickr / F. Tronchin (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/frenchieb/2358453743/in/photostream/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 11 Flickr / mharrsch (http: //www. flickr. com/photos/mharrsch/9941955/)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 17

頁碼 作品 版權標示 作者 / 來源 12 WIKIPEDIA (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Tetrarchy_map 3. jpg)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 13 WIKIPEDIA / Varoon Arya (http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Central_Europe_5 th_Century. jpg)， 2012. 04. 19 visited. 18