Imperfections in ordered structures Point defects Line defects
- Slides: 44
Imperfections in ordered structures • Point defects • Line defects – dislocations • Planar defects – stacking faults
Point defects native – vacancies – interstitials
Point defects impurities – functional – unintentional position – substitutional – interstitial
Interstitial positions in fcc lattice in close-packed structure octahedral – ro ~ 41% of R tetrahedral – rt ~ 23% of R R – atomic radius of the atoms in hard-sphere model approximation 4 octahedral positions/cell 8 tetrahedral positions/cell
Concetration of point defects thermodynamic equilibrium – minimized Gibbs free energy G = H – TS enthalpy of defect formation Arrhenius plot quenching – non-equilibrium concentration of defects
Ionic crystals Schottky defect – unoccupied anion and cation sites Frenkel defect – atom displaced from its lattice position to an interstitial site
Line defects – Dislocations dislocation – central object in study of ductility of crystalline materials dislocations were introduced to explain the plasticity of crystalline solids theoretical estimate of the shear strength – σ ~ G/5 – G/30 the observed values are by 3 – 4 orders of magnitude lower applied shear stress – motion of dislocation within the slip plane
Basic milestones Volterra (1907) – dislocations in elastic continuum Taylor, Orowan, Polanyi (1934) – concept of dislocations in crystals Frenkel, Kontorova (1938) – string model Peierls, Nabarro (1940, 1947) – dislocation motion, barrier model Shockley (1953) – parcial dislocations in fcc lattice Hirsch (1956) – observation of dislocations by TEM Lang (1958) – imaging of dislocations by X-ray topography Ray, Cockayne (1969) – observation of partial dislocations by weak beam technique (TEM)
Edge dislocation Burgers vector b – geometrical parameter
Definition of the Burgers vector FS/RH convention finish-start/right-hand edge dislocation
Definition of the Burgers vector screw dislocation
Basic axioms The Burgers vector is conserved, it does not change along the dislocation. For curved dislocation the character of the dislocation changes (edge vs. screw). n ξ b b and ξ define the slip plane
Basic axioms A dislocation cannot end inside a perfect crystal. ends at the free surface creates closed loop ends on an other dislocation Burgers vector of a perfect dislocation must equal to one of the lattice translation vectors.
Energy of the dislocations elasticity – stress and strain fields of dislocations – Volterra – 1907 ξ ‖ z E ~ b 2 Burgers vector – always the shortest lattice vector
Frenkel-Kontorova model the motion of dislocation cannot be solved within the framework of theory of elasticity 1938 – first model based on atomic structure results – the existence of a maximum value for dislocation velocity – the limit is the sound velocity – increase of the dislocation energy with velocity – analogy with theory of relativity Frank, van der Merwe (1949) – first theory of misfit dislocations based on Frenkel-Kontorova model
Peierls stress Peierls-Nabarro model of dislocation continuum atoms at the interface continuum
Peierls stress Peierls-Nabarro model of dislocation Peierls stress – the force needed to move a dislocation within a plane of atoms w glide plane b w – dislocation width b – Burgers vector G – shear modulus ν – Poisson ratio
Motion of dislocations conservative – glide – sklz non-conservative – climb – šplhanie interaction with point defects
Intersection of dislocations direction of motion emission of point defects edge segment
Force acting on dislocations Peach-Koehler formula
Dislocation interaction force range – external – mechanical loading – internal – from other dislocations – long range – between parallel dislocations – short range – between intersecting dislocations attraction Fx repulsion x
Dislocation walls formation of stable arrays – dislocation walls small angle grain boundaries
Interaction with point defects dislocation climb mechanical stress high (non-equilibrium) vacancy concentration
Interaction with point defects climb force Fcl h L chemical potential = Gibbs free energy/particle
Growth of dislocation loops non-equilibrium point defect concentration growth of dislocation loops dislocation loop climb force acting on dislocation tension in dislocation line
Consequences of the Peierls barrier slip planes – lattice planes with largest interplanar distances Peierls relief – determines the direction of dislocation lines direction of motion
Peierls relief metallic bond – low σPN covalent bond – high σPN vybočenia strongly localized objects – kinks - vybočenia
Selection rules Burgers vectors – shortest lattice translation vectors dislocation orientation – along the Peierls relief – directions with the lowest indices slip planes – lattice planes with the largest interplanar distances vybočenia direction of slip is given by the orientation of the Burgers vector slip system – combination of the slip planes and the slip directions plasticity of polycrystalline materials requires five independent slip systems
Dislocations in fcc lattice shortest lattice vectors b vectors – slip planes – vybočenia 12 slip systems – 5 independent
Dislocations in bcc lattice shortest lattice vectors b vectors – vybočenia similar reticular density in different lattice planes no preferred slip plane
Dislocations in bcc lattice vybočenia plane
Dislocations in bcc lattice vybočenia plane
Dislocations in hcp lattice b vectors – vybočenia 2 basal slip – plane 3 1
Dislocations in hcp lattice ba vectors – vybočenia 2 bc vectors – ba+ bc 3 prismatic slip 1
Dislocations in hcp lattice ba vectors – vybočenia 2 ba+c vectors – 3 pyramidal slip I. 1
Dislocations in diamond lattice stacking of {111} planes plane (111) vybočenia three positions in fcc lattice – ABCABCABC
Dislocations in diamond lattice [112] projection of Si lattice B A [111] C vybočenia B d 111 A shuffle set glide set dislocations are formed in diamond lattice
Dislocation motion in covalent crystals vybočenia additional parameters – energy of kink formation and kink migration secondary Peierls barrier introduced for kink migration dislocation velocity both energies ~ 1 e. V strong dependence of dislocation velocity on T !
Stacking faults – vrstevné chyby ABABAB ABCABC hcp fcc ABCABC vybočenia ABCABACABCAB one plane missing – intrinsic stacking fault one excess plane – extrinsic stacking fault
Stacking faults and partial dislocations SF – terminate at the free surface of crystal – bounded by partial dislocation type of partial dislocation reveals the process leading to the creation of SF A C B A A C vybočenia C B B A A vacancy condensation – intrinsic SF condensation of interstitials – extrinsic SF SF is bounded by a Frank parcial dislocation –
Stacking faults and partial dislocations AB AC vybočenia ABCABCABCACABCABCA plane B is missing
Shockley partial dislocations vybočenia energy of SF ~ 50 m. J/m 2 30° mixed dislocation 90° edge dislocation weak beam imaging perfect 60° dislocation – splitted into two Shockley partials bounding an intrinsic SF in the dislocation core
Microtwinning ABCABCA glide of one Shockley partial dislocation – formation of intrinsic SF repetition of the process – formation of a microtwin ABCABACABCABACBCABC ABCABACBABCA microtwin vybočenia formation by plastic deformation or at the process of crystal growth random distribution – polytypism – Zn. S, Si. C
- Line imperfections
- Crystal lattice imperfections
- Volume imperfection
- Designs may be frozen with too many imperfections remaining
- Spiral planar ramp resulting from shear deformation
- Human arm and whale flipper function
- Eg subject code
- Defect of secondary education
- Defects in solids
- Point defects in crystals
- Four basic waiting line structures
- Ordered pairs that represent a function examples
- The pythagorean theorem
- Direct speech imperative sentences
- Set of ordered pairs
- Entailment in pragmatics
- Rselection
- Partially ordered tree
- How to find domain and range
- Which ordered pair is a solution of the equation
- Domain and range ordered pairs
- Filled vs unfilled polygon in computer graphics
- Ordered tree
- Ordered pair in algebra
- Descendants in binary tree
- Complex sentence with adverb clause
- Relations domain and range
- A sequence is a list of ordered pairs.
- Ordered broadcast
- What is ordered broadcasts
- Temporally ordered routing algorithm
- Consider the following situations
- Hash collision
- Eva has ordered eight 6 digit numbers
- This area along the german/belgian border was demilitarized
- An ordered arrangement
- Order of events
- B-tree definition
- An ordered life
- Queue/ antraian = ordered list
- Ordered pair
- Product rule for ordered pairs
- Ordered matrix
- Locating ordered pairs on the coordinate plane
- Ordered dithering