Imperfect Verbs CHAPTER 8 as one brothers dwell

Imperfect Verbs CHAPTER 8

יחד׃ גם־ as one אחים שבת ומה־נעים brothers dwell and how pleasant הנה מה־טוב how good behold How good and pleasant it is when brothers live together in unity! (repeat) Chorus: יחד׃ גם־ אחים שבת הנה מה־טוב How good when brothers live together in unity!

Demonstrative Pronouns: this and that This / these זה זאת אלה that / those אלה הוא היא who, which הם / המה א שר הן / הנה

Introduction A Logos search reveals that there about 50, 000 qal verbs out of a total 74, 017 verbs total in the Tanak 21, 000 being Qal Perfect; 23, 440 being Qal Imperfect So the Qal is the major stem over all others and splits almost evenly between the perfect and imperfect forms.

Introduction The perfect is a suffixing verbal form adding endings onto the end of the verbal form. As we have learned with שמרתי and שמרת etc. mostly translated into our past tense— I guarded, you guarded The imperfect will be a prefixing verbal form with prefixes added to the front of the verbal form and often translated as a future. Hence we will get forms such as: אשמר (I will guard) and תשמר (you will guard).

Qal Imperfect Morphology 1 CS 2 MS 2 FS 3 MS 3 FS אשמר תשמרי ישמר תשמר נשמר we will keep you (m. ) will keep 2 MP תשמרו you (m. ) will keep you (f. ) will keep 2 FP תשמרנה you (f. ) will keep he will keep 3 MP ישמרו they (m. ) will keep she will keep 3 FP תשמרנה they (f. ) will keep I will keep 1 CP

Imperfect Prefixes and suffixes 1 CS 2 MS 2 FS 3 MS 3 FS א־־־ ת־־־י י־־־ ת־־־ 1 CP נ־־־ ת־־־ו 2 FP ת־־־נה 3 MP י־־־ו 3 FP ת־־־נה 2 MP

Attaching the preformatives א Preformatives are generally attached with a ḥîreq (exception: 1 CS where a seghôl is used) and the stem vowel is a ḥôlem which is reduced to תשמרי , תשמרו , ) ישמרו The ḥôlem is retained when the heavy suffix נה ending is added (e. g. תשמרנה ). There are two duplicate forms: 1) the 2 MS = 3 FS ( תשמר = you [m. ] will keep and she will keep) and 2) the 2 FP=3 FP ( תשמרנה you [f. ] a ševā’ when a vocalic suffix is added (e. g. will keep or they [f. ] will keep).

Paragogic Nun On occasion a Paragogic Nun is suffixed on the 3 MP and 2 MP imperfect verbal forms that both normally end in a šûreq. It does not impact the meaning. תשמרו for the 2 MP תשמרון is written or defectively as ( תשמרן you [m] will keep). Similarly, for the 3 MP instead of ישמרו it is sometimes ישמרון is written as or defectively as ישמרן. Hence instead of

8. D. A Few Other Regular Verbs ברך to bless, praise זכר to remember כתב to write כרת to make a covenant משל to rule מלך to rule קבץ to gather פקד to visit קרב to approach קטל to kill שבר to break שפט to judge

Stative Verbs Fientive verbs are our normal verbs of action (e. g. he looked, she stood). Stative verbs describe a state of being “You are strong. ” They can be classified according to the second vowel that is manifest when the 3 MS perfect form or imperfect paradigms are examined: 1) Pataḥ Stative, 2) Ṣerê Stative or 3) Ḥôlem Stative. They are formed normally in the Perfect paradigm except for the 3 MS when the special root form is manifest as seen in the chart below.

Stative Verbs In the Imperfect verbal forms, however, rather than the normal second stem vowel being a ḥôlem switches to a pataḥ in all three cases without regard to the original root vowel in the stative verb form. Pataḥ Stative גדל to be great Ṣerê Stative כבד חכם to be wise זקן קדש to be holy ירא חזק to be strong to be heavy to be old to be afraid Ḥôlem Stative קטן יכל to be small to be able

Pataḥ Stative Paradigm: אגדל I am great 1 CP נגדל we are great 2 MS תגדל you(m. ) are great 2 MP תגדלו you (m. ) are great 2 FS תגדלי you (f. ) are great 2 FP תגדלנה you (f. ) are great 3 MS יגדל he is great 3 MP יגדלו they (m. ) are great 3 FS תגדל she is great 3 FP תגדלנה they (f. ) are great 1 CS

Ṣerê Stative Paradigm: כבד to be heavy, honor אכבד I am honored 1 CP נכבד we are honored 2 MS תכבד you (m. ) are honored 2 MP תכבדו you (m. ) are honored 2 FS תכבדי you (f. ) are honored 2 FP תכבדנה you (f. ) are honored 3 MS יכבד he is honored 3 MP יכבדו they (m. ) are honored 3 FS תכבד she is honored 3 FP תכבדנה they (f. ) are honored 1 CS

Ḥôlem Stative Paradigm: אקטן I am small 2 MS תקטן you (m. ) are small 2 FS תקטני you (f. ) are small 3 MS יקטן he is small 3 FS תקטן she is small 1 CS 1 CP נקטן 2 MP תקטנו 2 FP תקטנה we are small you (m. ) are small you (f. ) are small 3 MP יקטנו they (m. ) are small 3 FP תקטנה they (f. ) are small

8. G. Negation: 3 ways to say “no” We have learned so far that לא is the most common way of saying a negative “no. ” It is usually placed directly in front of the accompanying verb as a permanent prohibition as in the ten commandments “thou shalt not…”. Secondly, אל or אל־ is used in cases that are not permanent but more limited to a specific context. אין or more frequently in the construct state אין is a substantive standing just before a noun that it negates ( אין הספר טוב “nothing of the book is good”—Harris, p. 43). Thirdly,

8. H. Parsing form: תשמרי Qal Impf. 2 FS from שמר meaning “you (f. ) will keep” יכבדו Qal Impf. 3 MP from כבד meaning “they (m. ) are honored”

8. I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List אחרי after, behind אל no, nothing 618 694 ברך to bless, praise 330 דוד David 1, 075 משה Moses 766

8. I. Chapter 8 Vocabulary List גם also, even, moreover 769 מה what? how? מלך to rule, be king פקד to visit, number, appoint 320 תחת under, below 757 348 510

8. J. Speak: Lesson 8 Imperfects בא לי גלידה I feel like (lit. it comes to me) ice cream ? כמה זה עולה , כן Yes, how much is it? אני מצטער , אין לי I don’t have any, I’m sorry בסדר הכל All right די Enough/stop it להתראות Good-bye