Immunizations Injections Techniques 1 Objectives To learn why

Immunizations: Injections & Techniques 1

Objectives • To learn why injections are essential for healthy animals. • To learn the different sizes of syringes and needles. • To explore injection sites on the animal. • To become familiar with medicinal applications. 2

Types of Syringes • Disposable - mostly plastic, usually thrown away after use • Reusable - made of glass, plastic and metal; must be sanitized between each use • Automatic - delivers larger doses repeatedly; ideal for vaccinating sows, steers and cows 3

Syringes • Consist of a barrel and plunger • Types of needle attachments – plain tip - simply pushed on the tip of the syringe – lock tip - twists and locks onto the tip of the syringe – may be made of plastic or metal 4

Syringe & Needle Sizes • Syringes and needles are sized by gauge (diameter) and length • Common syringe sizes: 1, 3, 6, 10, 12, 16, 18, 20, 30 and 50 • Common needle gauges: 16, 18 and 20 – the smaller the gauge number, the larger the needle • Common needle lengths (inches): ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1¼, 1½ and 2 5

Needle Gauge Length Young Pigs 20 ½” Pigs (weighing over 40 lb. ) 18 ½” Young Cattle 18 1” Older Cattle 16 1½” Colts 18 1” Older Horses 16 1½” Lambs 20 1” Sheep 18 1½” Chicken 23 1 – 1½” Animal 6

Types of Injections • Cutaneous - material is applied to the skin • Epidural - injected directly into the area around the spinal cord • Intracardial - injected directly into the heart • Intradermal - injected into the skin • Intramuscular - injected into the large muscles, commonly the neck and thigh 7

Types of Injections • Intraocular - injected under the eyelid or into the cornea • Intrapulmonary - injected directly into the lungs • Intrathoracic - injected into the thoracic area • Intravenous - injected into the vein • Subcutaneous - injected under the skin (subcue) 8

Needles & Injections • Intramuscular injections - 1” needle use is common for young animals and 1. 5” needle for adults • Subcutaneous injections - ½” to 1” needle is favorable * thicker medicines may require smaller gauged needles in order to “push” the medicine through the syringe and needle 9

Types of Medicines • Wormers – used to kill parasites – usually given orally or subcutaneously • Vitamins and minerals – given when an animal is deficient – usually given orally, intravenously or intramuscularly 10

Types of Medicines • Antibiotics – a bacteria-killing substance produced by a bacterium or mold given to cure bacterial diseases – usually given orally, intravenously or intramuscularly • Vaccines – substance containing live, modified or dead organisms; injected to build immunity from a disease caused by certain organisms – usually given intramuscularly or subcutaneously 11

Types of Medicines • Serum – fluid portion of blood from animals having immunity to the disease – produces a passive immunity until the animal produces its own – usually given intramuscularly or with a vaccine 12

Precautions • Precautions for biological products, such as antibiotics and vaccines, include the following: 1. protect from heat and light, keep in a refrigerator at 35°F to 45°F. DO NOT FREEZE! 2. only put sterilized needle into container of medicine 3. only use recommended dosage 13

Regulations for Animal Drug Use • Federal regulations require manufacturers to label all containers to supply buyers with information on proper handling, storage and drug usage • Some drugs can only be prescribed or sold by veterinarians • Most drugs have withdrawal periods and buyers must be careful when giving drugs to animals to be slaughtered • Many drugs are only made for a specific species 14

Oral Medicine Application • Methods of giving medicines orally include: – drinking water – feeding – drenching with a drench gun – bolus with a balling gun – tubing with a stomach tube 15

Disinfectants & Antiseptics • • • Isopropyl alcohol Iodine Bleach Betadine Chlorhexidine – Nolvasan® 16

Additional Vocabulary 1. Antiseptic - an agent capable of destroying or severely inhibiting microorganisms 2. Antitoxin - antibody neutralizing toxin 3. Contagious - capable of being passed from animal to animal 17

Additional Vocabulary 4. Disinfect - to destroy or kill diseasecausing organisms 5. Non-Contagious - diseases incapable of spreading from animal to animal 6. Immunity - resistance to a specific disease 7. Toxin - poisonous substance of microbial, vegetables or animal origin 18 18

Assessment 1. The larger the gauge number, the larger the needle. A. True B. False 2. An intravenous injection is injected into a vein. A. True B. False 3. Antibiotics are used to kill parasites. A. True B. False 19 19

Assessment 4. Serums are given to help build immunity to a disease. A. True B. False 5. Most syringes are sized by gauge or diameter. These are NOT the same type of measurement. A. True B. False 6. Needles are sized by their gauge and length. A. True B. False 20 20

Assessment 7. Needles are sized by their gauge and length. A. True B. False 8. Vitamins and minerals are given as oral, intravenous or intramuscular injections when an animal is considered deficient in these areas. A. True B. False 21 21

Assessment 9. Antiseptic is NOT an agent capable of destroying or severely inhibiting microorganisms causing disease. A. True B. False 10. Subcutaneous is injected under the skin. A. True B. False 22 22

Acknowledgements Kristina Harris – Production Coordinator Clayton Franklin – Graphics Designer Geoff Scott – Production Manager G. W. Davis – Executive Producer © MMXIV CEV Multimedia, Ltd. 23 23