Immunization Definition Immunization means providing passive or active

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Immunization

Immunization

Definition Immunization: means providing passive or active immunity artificially by administering an immunobiologic Active

Definition Immunization: means providing passive or active immunity artificially by administering an immunobiologic Active Immunization: stimulation of the body to develop defenses against diseases e. g. by the administration of vaccines, the effects are usually long lasting. Passive Immunization: providing temporary protection through the transplacental transmission of antibodies to the fetus. Vaccination: means the administration of antigen(s) for active immunization. Vaccine: is an antigen, originally derived from a bacterium, virus or protozoon, used for active immunization.

Types of vaccines: Live attenuated organisms: e. g. BCG, oral polio (Sabin), measles, rubella

Types of vaccines: Live attenuated organisms: e. g. BCG, oral polio (Sabin), measles, rubella and mumps. Killed organisms: e. g. cholera, typhoid, polio (Salk) and pertussis. Toxoids: a toxoid is a modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic but retains the capacity to stimulate the formation of antitoxin e. g. diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. DNA recombinant: e. g. hepatitis B vaccine. Component vaccines (parts of pathogens): e. g. meningococcal or H. influenzae mucopolysaccharide.

Vaccine storage in the health centers The correct temperature to keep vaccine is between

Vaccine storage in the health centers The correct temperature to keep vaccine is between 0 C° and 8 C°. Polio and measles vaccines are kept on the top shelf of the refrigerator under the Freezer The rest of the vaccines, DPT, DT, TT, BCG and Hepatitis B are kept on the Second shelf of the refrigerator. Freezing does not damage live attenuated vaccines (BCG, Polio and Measles vaccines). These vaccines can be frozen in central, govern orate or district stores in deep freezers. Freezing damages the killed vaccines and toxoids (DPT, DT and TT).

Health center and the cold chain The principle responsibilities of managing the cold chain

Health center and the cold chain The principle responsibilities of managing the cold chain system in the health center are to: A – obtain vaccines: Estimate the right amount of vaccine. Make sure you have enough cold chain equipment to store the vaccine you will collect. Check the types and amount of vaccine. Check the expiry date of vaccine. Use the shortest route to transport the vaccine. Keep the vaccine containers in the shade. After reaching the health center, transfer vaccines properly and quickly to the refrigerator.

 B – Maintain equipment: Refrigerator. 2 - Cold box. 3 -Vaccine carriers. 4

B – Maintain equipment: Refrigerator. 2 - Cold box. 3 -Vaccine carriers. 4 - ICE packs. Things that damage vaccines All vaccines lose their potency after a certain time even with good area. Heat and sunlight can damage vaccines, especially the live attenuated ones (polio-measles and BCG). Freezing damages the killed vaccines and toxoids (DPT, DT, TT and Hepatitis B). Disinfectants or antiseptics can damage vaccines and antibiotics such as streptomycin on BCG.

Diseases which are prevented by vaccines Contra indications to child immunization Very severely ill

Diseases which are prevented by vaccines Contra indications to child immunization Very severely ill children who need to be hospitalized or children, who have very high fever, should delay vaccination. If a child has had severe reactions from DPT injection (convulsion or shock) don’t give that child any more doses of DPT, give him DT Vaccine. BCG is the only vaccine, which should be not administered to children with clinically apparent Aids.

Side effects of BCG: Normal reaction: BCG bacteria grow very slowly. After two weeks,

Side effects of BCG: Normal reaction: BCG bacteria grow very slowly. After two weeks, a small red soft tender swelling about 10 mm across appears at the place of the injection of BCG. Then after 2 – 3 weeks more, the swelling becomes a small abscess, which then because an ulcer about 10 mm across. The ulcer heals by it self-leaving a scar about 5 mm across. The scar is useful because it shows that the child has had the vaccine.

Side effects of BCG: B – Severe reaction: Some times there is a severe

Side effects of BCG: B – Severe reaction: Some times there is a severe local inflammation or a deeper abscess, some times the lymphatic glands near the elbow or the axilla swell, This may be because the injection of the vaccine was subcutaneous, or because the child was given a large dose or the needle used was not sterile.

C - Early reaction: If the child already has some immunity to TB, the

C - Early reaction: If the child already has some immunity to TB, the red swelling may appear earlier than two weeks. This means that the child has already had BCG or that he has had a TB infection. You should check the presence of a swelling, an ulcer or a scar at the site of vaccination at the next visit after BCG vaccination. If the scar is present, this means that BCG was given effectively. If there is no scar, repeat the dose 3 months after the previous dose.

Side effects of DPT vaccine [Diphtheria, pertussis and Tetanus]: A – Fever: Many children

Side effects of DPT vaccine [Diphtheria, pertussis and Tetanus]: A – Fever: Many children have fever in the evening after they have had DPT vaccine, it lasts one day. A fever that begins more than 24 hours after a dose of DPT is not due to the vaccine, so check for another infection you must: Give the child’s mother ¼ tablet of aspirin, tell her to crush it in a little water and give it to the child if fever is high. Advise the child mother not to wrap the child up in many clothes. Warn the mother about the fever and explain

B- Local soreness: Some children have pain, soreness, redness or swelling in the leg

B- Local soreness: Some children have pain, soreness, redness or swelling in the leg where they had the injection. If this starts early, the day after the injection, then it is due to the vaccine. You must: Reassure the mother that it is not serious and need no treatment, it stops after 3 -4 days. Make sure that the child completes the immunization course.

C- Abscess: If pain and swelling begin a week or more after injection, it

C- Abscess: If pain and swelling begin a week or more after injection, it may be due to an abscess formation, this can happen in the following condition: If you touch the needle with your finger If you put the syringe down on an un sterile place. If you don’t inject the vaccine deep enough. If the syringe is not sterile.

3 - Side effects of measles vaccine : Fever and rash Children may have

3 - Side effects of measles vaccine : Fever and rash Children may have a fever for 1 -3 days about one week after giving the vaccine, some times there is a rash like a mild measles rash. The mother should be advised to give ¼ aspirin tablet if the fever is high. Reassure the mother that the disease it self is worse. Warn mothers about the fever and rash.

Side effect of polio vaccine: Usually there is no side effect at all. 5

Side effect of polio vaccine: Usually there is no side effect at all. 5 - Side effect of hepatitis B virus vaccine: No side effects for this vaccine, but it should be kept at 4 C to 8 C on the shelf of the refrigerator in the health unit and not be frozen. Other Vaccines given for specific diseases 1. Meningococal polysaccharide vaccine 2. Hepatitis A vaccine 3. Typhoid-Paratyphoid vaccine 4. Influenza virus vaccine 5. Cholera vaccine