Immunity The ability to destroy a particular antigen

Immunity: The ability to destroy a particular antigen, it is may be inherited (natural) or acquired (artificial). Natural immunity: Resistance to infection or toxicity. Acquired immunity: Exposure to invading agents, either from bacteria, virus, or toxin. Active immunity: Production of antibodies against specific antigens, either naturally by having a disease or artificially by introducing the antigen in the body. Passive immunity: Temporary immunity by transfusing (immunoglobulin or antitoxin) artificially either from serum of human or animal, or naturally from mother to fetus by placenta.

Antibody: A protein found in serum formed from exposure to antigen. Antigen: Foreign substances (bacteria, virus, toxin, foreign protein) stimulate antibodies formation. Immunization: The process of inducing active or passive immunity artificially by administering an immunobiologic. Immunobiologic: Antigen substances (vaccine or toxoid) or antibodies containing preparation (globulins or antitoxoid) from human or animal, used for active or passive immunization. Vaccination: Inoculation with vaccina small pox virus to make a person immunity to small pox.

Vaccine: A suspension of live (attenuated) or inactivated or fraction of microorganisms administered to induced immunity. Attenuate: Reduce virulence (infectiousness) organism by treating it with heat or chemical it on certain media. Toxoid: Modified bacterial toxin that has been not toxic but has the ability to stimulate antitoxin formation. Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies from animals` serum immunized with antigen (passive immunity). Immune globulin: A solution of antibodies from humans` blood plasma (passive immunity & immunodeficiency person).

Natural acquired active immunity (have a disease) Immunity Natural immunity Natural acquired passive immunity (fetus to mother) Artificial immunity Artificial acquired active immunity (by immunization) Artificial acquired passive immunity(synthetic antibodies )

Immunity Active immunity Passive immunity Artificial immunit y Natural immunity

Vaccines M. O Routes Dose Side effects (C/I) Polio live attenuated virus Oral 2 drops No adverse effects Anaphylactic reaction to neomycine, pregnancy BCG (Bacillus of Calmette & Guerin) Live attenuated virus Intra dermal (I. D) in Lt deltoid 0. 1 ml Papule appear for 3 w with or without ulceration & heal Immuno-deficiency person Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Live attenuated virus Intramuscular/IM 0. 5 ml Well tolerated Anaphylactic reaction to baker`s yeast DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) Diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, pertussis immunogen Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Local pain, soreness, redness, swelling in site. Fever. Encephalopathy (unusual crying, head ache, seizure, loss of muscle tone) Encephalopathy for 7 d of pertussis. Neurologic diseases. Measles attenuated virus Sub-cutaneous 0. 5 ml Anorexia, malaise, rash, fever Immuno-deficiency person, pregnancy MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) Live attenuated virus Sub-cutaneous / S. C 0. 5 ml Fever, lymphadenopathy, rash, joint pain Anaphylactic reaction to neomycine, pregnancy

Vaccines M. O Routes of admission Dose Age Hepatitis A virus live attenuated (HAV) virus Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Under 2 y Varciella live attenuated virus Subcutaneous / S. C 0. 5 ml 12 -18 m Typhoid live attenuated virus Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Above 2 y Haemophilus influnzae b Non toxic proteins Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Under 2 y Influnzae Non toxic protein Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Repeated yearly Above 6 m pneumococcal Streptococcus pneumoniae Intra- muscular/ IM 0. 5 ml Under 2 y

Age Vaccines At birth-first week Polio BCG Hepatitis B virus Routes Dose Oral Intra- dermal (I. D) in Lt deltoid 2 drops 2 months Polio DTP Hepatitis B virus Oral IM 0. 1 ml 4 months Polio DTP Oral IM 0. 5 ml 6 months Polio DTP Hepatitis B virus Oral IM 0. 5 ml 9 months Measles Subcutaneous / S. C 0. 5 ml 15 months MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) Subcutaneous / S. C 18 months First booster dose (polio & DTP) Orally & I. M 2 drops 0. 5 ml 4 -6 years Second booster dose (polio & DTP) Orally & I. M 2 drops 0. 5 ml 6 years MMR Subcutaneous / S. C 0. 5 ml

What Are Some Complications of Vaccinations? Mild Reactions: n n n n n Inject able vaccines can cause localized pain, redness and swelling at the site of the injection. Fevers usually go away in 1 -2 days. Fussiness Tiredness Loss of appetite Drowsiness Mild, temporary vomiting or diarrhea within the first week of getting rotavirus.

Serious Complications: n n n Serious allergic reactions or anaphylaxis – extremely rare; occur within a few minutes to a few hours after the shot. Long-term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and permanent brain damage after DTa. P– very rare Guillain Barre Syndrome –vaccines containing the tetanus toxoid (DTa. P, Tdap), mengicoccal vaccine – paralysis – very rare

Precautions n n n Severe or Moderately Severe Illness – wait until the child is better Pregnancy or Possibility of Pregnancy – contraindicated live vaccines like Varivax, MMR, LAIV Immunocompromised Persons – with AIDS, those on prolonged steroids, those on chemotherapy, those with cancer, those with agammaglobulinemia or other defects of immunity – discuss with provider. Past History of Moderate to Severe Reactions to Vaccines or Any of Its Components Past History of Intussusceptions - on the infant about to get Rotavirus

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