Immigration Urbanization 1880 s1900 s Mr Marshall Essential

Immigration & Urbanization 1880 s-1900 s Mr. Marshall

Essential Questions 1. Compare the experience of European Immigrants in the east to that of Asian immigrants in the west. (Chinese exclusion, gentlemen’s agreement). Asian immigrants were more discriminated against than Europeans with the Chinese exclusion act and Gentlemen’s agreement prohibiting Asian immigration. For a comparison, both Asians and Europeans had to be processed on an islands (Ellis & Angel Island) 2. Discuss the impact of political machines urban cities in the late 19 th and 20 th centuries Political machines would help citizens with services as long as they helped the political bosses stay in power by giving them their votes. They would build parks and provide jobs, and help with naturalization. However, machines had negative effects such as opposing labor unions, using fake names to win elections and charge taxpayers more money than was needed for a project and keep the profit.

Essential Questions 3. How did industrialization change urban social conditions and politics, and what was the response to those changes? Manual labor was less needed as companies became more mechanical. Economically, the middle class expanded. People were either very poor or wealthy and skilled. With more wealthy people, more jobs became available. Also with industrialization, Capitalism was introduced, leading to more businesses. Labor Unions were also introduced. Workers wanting higher wages and better working conditions would go on strike. More people moved from farms to cities. 4. What were the effects of the massive influx of immigrants to the U. S in the late 1800 s? One effect was the rice of nativism, the favoritism of native born Americans. Nativist groups, such as the Protective Association attacked Catholics. Large amounts of Chinese immigrants led to the passing of the Chinese Exclusion act. The establishing of ethnic communities by people who were from the same place and spoke the same lanuage, like little Italy.

Essential Questions 5. What role did Henry Flagler have in people coming to Florida? Henry Flagler developed railroads on Florida’s east coast. He built hotels on the coast of Florida and realized there was a problem with transportation. To bring tourists to his hotels, he built the railroads on Florida’s coast, bringing people and immigrants to Florida. 6. Why did immigrants tend to group together in cities? They grouped together because they saw ethnic communities as “life rafts. ” Immigrants had difficult times finding places to work, live and getting along with others due to their inability to speak English and discrimination. This is where they practiced their religions and culture. They found comfort, housing and jobs in communities where people were just like them. 7. Examine causes, course, and consequences of the labor movement in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. The major cause for the labor movement was the desire of higher wages and better working conditions for workers. In order to achieve this, workers would go on strike. A group called the Knights of Labor called for reform but the American Federation of Labor denied a labor reform.

Essential Question 8. Review different economic and philosophic ideologies. Socialism began tospread. Socialists believe the people, not private corporations, should control a nation’s wealth and equally distribute it to all of society. Another belief was Social Darwinism. Social Darwinists believed that only the fittest survived. They believed that people were poor and were struggling to survive because they were not “fit”. “Social Darwinism. ” Edited by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. , 27 July 2017, www. britannica. com/topic/social. Darwinism. Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J, et al. “ 2. 3 Organized Labor Movement. ” United States History Florida, Pearson, 2018, p. 78.

Multiple Choice 1)The photo on the left shows immigrants on Ellis island in 1904. What was the primary purpose of this facility? D. Processing immigrants who mainly came from Southern and Eastern Europe. 2) Which group most favored the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882? B. Nativists on the west coast

Multiple Choice 3) The cartoon at the left by Thomas Nast was published in 1871. Which problem is addressed in the cartoon? C. Political machines were profiting from kickbacks on public contracts. 4) How did the experience of Chinese immigrants differ from those of the “New immigrants” from southern and eastern Europe? B. They frequently faced prejudice and discrimination from nativists.

Florida History Henry Flagler was responsible for building the railroads on Florida’s East coast He built hotels on the coast of Florida and wanted to fill them with people People needed transportation to get to Florida so he built the railroads to get them there Henry Flagler was responsible for bringing people to Florida Gateway Book

James Garfield (1880) Domestic Policies James Garfield did not do much because he was killed a few months after he was elected. In the U. S, he recalled government bonds that were paying six percent interest and was then able to re-finance them at 3. 5 percent interest. Doenecke, Justus. “James A. Garfield: Domestic Affairs. ” Miller Center, 14 July 2017, millercenter. org/president/garfield/dome stic-affairs. “James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated. ” Wikipedia, 9 Feb. 2011, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: J ames_Abram_Garfield, _ph oto_portrait_seated. jpg.

James Garfield (Continued) Foreign Policy In his brief time as President, Garfield appointed writer James Russell Lowell as U. S minister to England former General Lee Wallace as minister for Turkey. Doenecke, Justus. “JAMES A. GARFIELD: FOREIGN AFFAIRS. ” UVA MIller Center, Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, millercenter. org/president/garfield/foreign-affairs.

Chester A. Arthur (1881 -1885) Chester A. Arthur was the Vice President to Garfield and was appointed President after his death. Domestic Policies At the time, the U. S was struggling with the Spoils system. The Pendleton Act was meant to break this system and improve civil service in the U. S. It was signed as a law by Arthur on January 16, 1883 Doenecke, Justus. “CHESTER A. ARTHUR: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. ” UVA , Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, millercenter. org/president/arthur/domestic-affairs.

Chester A. Arthur Hansen, Peter. “Portrait of Chester A arhur. ” Wikipedia, upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/common s/0/0 d/Chester_A. _Arthur_by_Ole_Peter _Hansen_Balling. JPG. Foreign Policy Arthur’s most significant foreign policy was the Chinese exclusion act. It was passed because American workers/nativists felt their jobs were in jeopardy and racial purity in the U. S was going away Doenecke, Justus. “CHESTER A. ARTHUR: FOREIGN AFFAIRS. ” UVA MIller Center, Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, millercenter. org/president/arthur/foreign-affairs.

Grover Cleveland (1885 -1889) Domestic Affairs Grover Cleveland was against the prejudice against Chinese immigrants in the West Coast. He came to the conclusion that discrimination against the Chinese was so bad, that he worked to limit Chinese immigration. Grover Cleveland took over during the worst economic depression at the time. To fix this, he backed the gold standard. Graff, Henry F. “GROVER CLEVELAND: DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. ” UVA MIller Center, Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, millercenter. org/president/cleveland/domestic-affairs. “Grover Cleveland. ” History. com, cdn. history. com/sites/2/2013/12/cleveland-photo 2 -P. jpeg.

Grover Cleveland Foreign Affairs With the Panic of 1893, Democrats passed the Wilson Gorman Act. The act reduced tariff taxes which Democrats believed would make other countries lower their tariffs, giving the U. S access to oversea markets. It also instituted a federal income tax, which had consequences. The effects were that lower tariffs led to the import of cheaper goods, which stopped American businesses from gaining profit. The income tax guaranteed pushback from wealthy citizens. Mcollom, Jason. “Effects of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894. ” Study. com, study. com/academy/lesson/effects-of-the-wilson-gorman-tariff-act-of-1894. html.

Benjamin Harrison (1889 -1893) Domestic Affairs Benjamin Harrison passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. It was passed to prevent the establishments of monopolies by making it illegal to make trusts that interfered with free trade. It gave the government the power to break up companies that violated this law and its main goal was to protect and help small companies and businesses. Strategies 10. “Sherman Antitrust Act. ” Quizlet , quizlet. com/122175863/sherman-antitrust-act-flash-cards/. “Benjamin Harrison. ” Wikipedia, upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/7 /7 e/Pach_Brothers__Benjamin_Harrison. jpg.

Benjamin Harrison Foreign Policy Harrison passed the Mckinley Tariff in 1890. The tariff raised taxes on imported goods once again. Its main goal was to protect American businesses from foreign competition. This discouraged foreign businesses to import to the U. S. This had a huge impact on Hawaii sugar growers were making fortunes by selling sugar in the U. S but with they Mc. Kinley tariff, they lost their status. Alchin, Linda. “Mc. Kinley Tariff. ” American Historama, www. american-historama. org/1881 -1913 -maturationera/mckinley-tariff. htm.

William Mc. Kinley (1897 -1901) William Mc. Kinley passed the gold standard act in 1900, making gold the only standard for redeeming paper money. The act prevented the U. S from printing out too much money and running out of gold. Alchin, Linda. “Gold Standard Act of 1900. ” American Historama, www. american-historama. org/1881 -1913 maturation-era/gold-standard-act-1900. htm. “William Mc. Kinley. ” Wiki, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/William_Mc. Kinley#/media/File: Mckinley. jpg.

William Mc. Kinley Foreign Affairs William Mc. Kinley wanted to prevent the Spanish American War. He hoped to settle peaceful diplomacy in Cuba. His feelings toward Spain changed after the sinking of the U. S battleship Maine. This, along with pressure from the crowd and media, led Mc. Kinley demanding Spain to seize control of Cuba. Spain declared war on Washington and so, Mc. Kinley declared war on Spain. Alchin, Linda. “Spanish-American War. ” American Historama, www. american-historama. org/1881 -1913 maturation-era/spanish-american-war. htm.

Why they came Immigrants came to the U. S to find a better life Some came to escape poverty and famine Some came to escape persecution 1880 s- Mexico, Poland & China had land reforms which caused crop prices to fall and forced them to leave their land

Europeans Most of the immigrants coming in were European About 20 million Europeans arrived on U. S soil between 1870 -1920 Many fled Europe to escape poverty European Jews came to avoid persecution by the Russians

Chinese As Europeans arrived on the east coast, mainly NY, the Chinese arrived on the west coast, mainly California. The Chinese started to arrive in 1849 after the discovery of gold in the U. S With the increasing amounts of Chinese arriving, people started to dislike the Chinese, leading to the Chinese Exclusion act.

Chinese Exclusion Act First law restricting immigration to the U. S Passed in 1882 by President Chester A Arthur Stopped Chinese immigration to the U. S for 10 years

Japanese arrived on the west coast Some went to Hawaii to avoid discrimination Gentlemen’s Agreement limited immigration to the west coast.

Gentlemen’s Agreement Passed in 1907 by Theodore Roosevelt Was passed to calm tension between the U. S and Japan about the immigration of Japanese Workers Eased Japanese discrimination in American schools

Mexico Mexicans fled to the U. S for many reasons, one being the Mexican Revolution (1910 -1920) The 1902 National Reclamation Act created new lands to the west and so, Mexican immigrants went to the Western U. S With the economic depression in 1929, the need for workers decreased. Many immigrants went back to Mexico.

Ellis Island Processing station where officials decided who was allowed in the country European immigrants that arrived had to be processed at an island in NY harbor called Ellis Island. Immigrants had to go through medical exams to be allowed entry. Wealthier immigrants were released but the poorer ones had to pass inspection Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J, et al. Pearson Florida United States History. Pearson, 2018. “Ellis Island. ” Wikipedia, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ellis_Island#/media/File: Ellis_Island_in_190 5. jpg Bendib, Khalil. “Occupy Ellis Island. ” Otherwords. org, 5 Dec. 2011, otherwords. org/occupy_ellis_i sland/.

Angel’s Island Mainly Asian immigrants were processed in this facility off the coast of San Francisco After 1882, Chinese immigrants had to prove that they were citizens or had family in America or they were sent back. Unlike Ellis Island, where immigrants would be processed within hours, processing in Angel Island would take weeks. Sakovich, Maria. “When the 'Enemy' Landed at Angel Island. ” National Archives, 2009, www. archives. gov/publications/prolo gue/2009/summer/angel. html. Pinterest

A difficult journey Getting to America was a big challenge Most immigrants were poor and had no money so they traveled with what they could carry By the 1870 s, most immigrants got to the U. S by steamboat, but traveled by steerage Some didn’t make it to the U. S due to illness Lapsansky-Werner, Emma , et al. “ 2. 4 The New Immigrants. ” Florida United States History, 2018 th ed. , Pearson, 2018, p. 83. Folkeblad, Nolsk. Steerage of the Superior, 1866.

Urban Living Issues With more and more immigrants arriving to the U. S, cities like NY became more crowded. Neighborhoods became over crowded Most workers lived in tenements, housing designed to squeeze as much people as possible Lapsansky-Werner, Emma , et al. “ 2. 4 The New Immigrants. ” Florida United States History, 2018 th ed. , Pearson, 2018, p. 133 Pinterest

Urban Issues Continued With more people came health concerns Cities were littered with trash and even animal carcasses were left on streets Food waste and human waste clogged alleyways because there were no bathrooms in tenements Due to this, cholera spread rapidly during the 1800 s. Cholera spread because people would drink contaminated water. Cholera killed thousands Lapsansky-Werner, Emma , et al. “ 2. 4 The New Immigrants. ” Florida United States History, 2018 th ed. , Pearson, 2018, p. 133 -134 Pinterest

Sanitation With more industrialization and urbanization, factories released lots of pollution Private contractors were paid to clean streets that were filled with manure and garbage but they didn’t do their jobs properly This made diseases spread easily “Achievements in Public Health, 1900 -1999: Control of Infectious Diseases. ” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm 4829 a 1. htm.

Tenements With the increasing number of people arriving to the U. S, most lived in crowded tenements. By 1900, two-thirds of New York’s population lived in tenements Tenements had little to no lighting and ventilation Tenements didn’t have bathrooms, so residents would have to find somewhere else to use the bathroom No privacy History. com Staff. “Tenements. ” History. com, A&E Television Networks, 2010, www. history. com/topics/tenements. “Posts about old-Law tenements on Ephemeral New York. ” Ephemeral New York, ephemeralnewyork. wordpress. com/tag/old-law-tenements/.

Transportation There were mass transit systems designed to move large numbers of people. 1873 - Street Cars are introduced into San Francisco 1897 - Electric subways are introduced into cities like Boston and New York People traveled across the oceans on steamboats wiliam, Sydney Australia. “Skwirk Interactive Schooling. ” Transport in the early 1900 s - Science & Tech - Skwirk Year 5, ACT | Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia, www. skwirk. com/p-c_s-11_u-55_t-85_c 299/ACT/5/Moving-people-and-possessions-in-the-early-1900 s/The-machines-we-use-to-transport-things/On-the -move/Science---Technology/. “Subway « The Infomercantile. ” The Infomercantile, www. infomercantile. c om/blog/tag/subway. Seattle's Cable Car's, www. cablecarmuse um. org/emeraldcity. html.

Immigrant Struggles When immigrants arrived, they faced many challenges Most immigrants spoke no English Many immigrants were unskilled, so employment was hard to find Native-born Americans often discriminated against immigrants. “Ethnic enclaves. ” Immigration to the United States, immigrationtounitedstates. org/484 -ethnic-enclaves. html. “History of Polish Immigration. ” Kathleen Nestor Owens Genealogy, www. kathleennestorowens. com/history-of-polishimmigration. html.

Ethnic Communites In order to get away from these struggles, immigrants lived near people that were from the same places as themselves Immigrants found comfort around those that spoke the same language Many didn’t want to give up their language and culture so they made communities such as Little Italy and Chinatown “Ethnic enclaves. ” Immigration to the United States, immigrationtounitedstates. org/484 -ethnic-enclaves. html. Chu, Jeff. South China Morning Post, 6 Sept. 2016, www. scmp. com/magazines/post-magazine/longreads/article/2005534/tong-wars-how-new-yorks-1900 schinatown-descended. Chinese Laundries, chineselaundry. wordpress. com/page/6/.

Immigrant Contributions Immigrants helped boost the economy Brought language, religions and customs For example, Jews brought bagels to America Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant, turned to philanthropy after the sale of his valuable steel business, donating $288 million to social and economic causes “Realize Reader. ” Realize Reader, etext 2. pearson. com/#/book/EK 2 ETV 1 V 9 HO/page/72. “Andrew Carnegie. ” Biography. co m, A&E Networks Television, 22 Nov. 2016, www. biography. com/pe ople/andrew-carnegie 9238756. “Bagel. ” Wiki pedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 Nov. 2017, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bage l#/media/File: Bagel-Plain. Alt. jpg.

Nativism- preference of native-born Americans over immigrants With the vast amount of immigrants pouring into the country, native-born Americans began to feel a certain way about immigrants Competition over jobs fueled resentment Americans were worried immigrants would work for lower pay Realize Reader, etext 2. pearson. com/#/book/EK 2 ETV 1 V 9 HO/page/82. U. S. Nativism, crisissome. blogspot. com/2016/03/usnativism. html. “Nativism, Immigration Restrictions, and the Red Scare. ” APUSHRoaring 20 s - Nativism, Immigration Restrictions, and the Red Scare, apushroaring 20 s. wikisp aces. com/Nativism, Immigration Restrictions, and the Red Scare.

Nativism Believed Anglo-Saxons were better than other ethnic groups Many businesses discriminated against immigrants by not providing service or letting them into places like clubs. The American Protective Association was anticatholic and in 1887, launched attacks on Catholics. “American Protective Association. ” Immigration to the United States, immigrationtounitedstates. org/340 american-protective-association. html. “Nativism (Politics). ” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 Nov. 2017, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Na tivism_(politics). “Nativism And Isolationism Lessons - Tes Teach. ” Tes Teach with Blendspace, www. tes. com/lessons/w. EDr. Fn. Oa Meu_j. A/nativism-and-isolationism.

Fire In addition to safety hazards, residents had to deal with other dangers Open fireplaces and gas lights could start fires easily, making them super dangerous. A Chicago fire killed 200 -300 people as it spread through the city in 1871 As an effect, many cities established firefighting teams “Realize Reader. ” Realize Reader, Pearson, 2018, etext 2. pearson. com/#/book/EK 2 ETV 1 V 9 HO/page/90. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Chicago fire of 1871. ” Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. , 25 May 2017, www. britannica. com/event/Chicago-fire-of 1871. The New York Times, www. nytimes. com/learning/ general/onthi sday/harp/11 04. html.

Crime With more immigrants coming in, crime started to go up Americans began to believe that immigrants were responsible for all the crime In 1884, cities started to have police but didn’t have much of an impact on crime due to their small size Moehling, Carolyn, and Anne Morrison Piehl. “Immigration, Crime, and Incarceration in Early Twentieth-Century America. ” Demography, Population Association of America, Nov. 2009, www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC 2831353/. Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies, Droz, 3 Apr. 2009, chs. revues. org/989. “Warren Fyfe News. Org. ” Warren Fyfe Newsorg, warrenfyfenews. org/ do-the-public-stilltrust-the-police/.

Anti-Chinese Sentiment Americans viewed Chinese immigrants as inferior to them They were also viewed as threats to society, culture, government and even the Caucasian race Americans especially disliked them because they would take lower wages and would take American jobs At the peak of this, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882, which prohibited Chinese immigration to the states for 10 years The Chinese Experience in 19 th Century America, teachingresources. atlas. illinois. edu/chinese_exp/introduction 04. html. The Chinese Experience in 19 th Century America, teachingresources. atlas. illi nois. edu/chinese_exp/intro duction 04. html. “Anti-Chinese movement. ” Immigratio n to the United States, immigrationtounitedsta tes. org/345 -antichinesemovement. html.

Political Machines In large cities, political machines ran them Machines were ran by a boss The machines worked by winning the loyalty of immigrants by promising solutions to transportation and sanitation They promised these things at the cost of votes that would keep them in power They rewarded voters with city jobs

Political Machines Because of this, Political machines usually became corrupt When they couldn’t get enough votes, political machines turned to fraud by using fake names to get votes One of the most famous schemes was done by the Tweed Ring “Realize Reader. ” Realize Reader, etext 2. pearson. com/#/book/EK 2 ETV 1 V 9 HO/page/72. “Political machine. ” Wiki pedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 1 Nov. 2017, en. wikipedia. or g/wiki/Political _machine#/me dia/File: Boss_t weed. jpg. “The Model Political Machine. ” T he Model Political Machine | e. HISTORY, ehistory. osu. edu/exhibiti ons/rams_h orn/content/ Political. Mac hine.

Political Bosses Political bosses used their power to build public places and services like parks, sewage systems and schools They supported new businesses for votes They were motivated by money and voter loyalty Political Bosses -- Progressive Era, bookbuilder. cast. org/view_print. php? book=42325. Thing. Link. “Political Machines by Anthony Protopapa. ” Thing. Lin k, www. thinglink. com/sc ene/87226463759525 4786. Schmitt, Mark. “Washington Is Suffering from a Naive Nostalgia for Old-School Political Bosses. ” New Republic, 27 Feb. 2014, newrepublic. com/article/116779/waxman-millerand-dingell-show-we-shouldnt-nostalgize-partybosses.

William M. Tweed Worked on strengthening his position in Tammy Hall and eventually controlled all democratic nominations Opened law office where he received payment for illegal services Tweed Ring drained the city financially using fake leases, fake vouchers, hugely padded bills Moore, Tony. “Boss Tweed. ” Biography. com, A&E Networks Television, 6 July 2016, www. biography. com/people/boss-tweed-20967991. Nast, Thomas. “Tweed. ” Harper's Weekly, 1871. “William M. Tweed. ” Wikipe dia, Wikimedia Foundation, 5 Nov. 2017, en. wikipedia. org /wiki/William_M. _Tweed#/media /File: William_M agear_%27 Bos s%27_Tweed_( 1870)_crop. jpg.

Urban Opportunities Cities were becoming more urban with all the technological advances of the 19 th century Because of this, people moved mid west and north east. People moved from the countryside to large cities along with immigrants, over crowding cities

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