Immigration A scholar Oscar Handlin once wrote Once

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Immigration A scholar, Oscar Handlin, once wrote: “Once I thought to write a history

Immigration A scholar, Oscar Handlin, once wrote: “Once I thought to write a history of the immigrants in America. Then I discovered that the immigrants WERE American history. ”

The Great Migration b 1880 -1921 - 23 million immigrants b old immigrants -

The Great Migration b 1880 -1921 - 23 million immigrants b old immigrants - before 1880 - northwestern Europe b new immigrants - after 1880 - southern and eastern Europe

Push and Pull Factors b b Push factors • wars • famine • religious

Push and Pull Factors b b Push factors • wars • famine • religious persecution • Overpopulation/ pushed off land Pull Factors • Opportunity, jobs, land • American letters – described incredible wealth (often exaggerated) Leaving the homeland - hardships • Used all of their savings • Walked many miles to port town • Difficult leaving family members

Journey Across the Atlantic b Crowded steerage - diverse group • 1200 -200 on

Journey Across the Atlantic b Crowded steerage - diverse group • 1200 -200 on ship – most traveled on steerage b Horrible conditions • • • no windows - little ventilation 1 toilet for 1000 passengers spread of disease

Arrival in America b 75% processed through Ellis Island (Island of Tears) b Lady

Arrival in America b 75% processed through Ellis Island (Island of Tears) b Lady Liberty • “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door. ”

Medical Inspections b 1 st and 2 nd class had short examination b Steerage

Medical Inspections b 1 st and 2 nd class had short examination b Steerage class loaded on to barges and taken to Ellis Island b Medical inspections were often harsh and traumatic

Inspectors Examine Female Immigrants

Inspectors Examine Female Immigrants

Inspectors Examine the eyes of immigrants

Inspectors Examine the eyes of immigrants

Legal Inspections b Long wait in Registry Hall b Inspectors asked 32 questions b

Legal Inspections b Long wait in Registry Hall b Inspectors asked 32 questions b Many remember Ellis Island as one of their worst experiences • “Why should I fear the fires of hell? I have been through Ellis Island. ”

Immigrants leave ship after inspections

Immigrants leave ship after inspections

Ethnic Enclaves b Two thirds of immigrants settled in urban areas b By 1920

Ethnic Enclaves b Two thirds of immigrants settled in urban areas b By 1920 75% of foreign-born U. S. residents lived in Cities b Many stayed in close-knit ethnic enclaves b Enclaves provided: • sense of community and security • familiar food, languages and institutions

Living Conditions b Most cities ill-equipped • no adequate sewage system • housing scarce

Living Conditions b Most cities ill-equipped • no adequate sewage system • housing scarce b Tenement Conditions • crowded • filthy and run-down • fire, diseases and death common b Some traveled west to small towns

Nativism: policy of favoring the interests of native-born Americans over those of immigrants.

Nativism: policy of favoring the interests of native-born Americans over those of immigrants.

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