IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT
IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19 TH & EARLY 20 TH CENTURY
The New Immigrants Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reach a new high in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries.
SECTION 1: THE NEW IMMIGRANTS I. Through the Golden Door Millions of immigrants entered the U. S. in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries
Push Factors l What pushed people out of their native country l Poverty, wars, political instability, religious oppression.
Pull Factors l What attracted people to the U. S. l Land, work, higher standard of living, democracy, social advancement.
EUROPEANS A. Between 1870 and 1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in U. S. B. After 1890, most from southern and eastern Europe C. All were looking for opportunity and fleeing religious persecution
“The Modern Moses”
“The Fool Pied Piper”
CHINESE D. Between 1851 and 1882, about 300, 000 Chinese arrived on the West Coast l work in railroads, farms, mines, domestic service, business l anti-Chinese immigration act by Congress curtailed immigration after 1882 Many Chinese men worked for the railroads
JAPANESE E. 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers l Japanese work on Hawaiian plantations, then go to West Coast F. U. S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast
II. LIFE IN THE NEW LAND A. late 19 th century most immigrants arrived via steamship, most in steerage –cheapest
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK B. Ellis Island —U. S. European immigration station, in New York Harbor 1. given physical; seriously ill not admitted 2. no criminals, had some money ($25), were able to work l 1892 -1924, 17 million immigrants passed at Ellis Island
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR
ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCO C. Angel Island — immigrant processing station in San Francisco Bay 1. Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the West Coast
ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND
Cooperation for Survival D. Some immigrants tried to assimilate others created ethnic communities 1. seek people who share cultural values, religion, language E. Some disliked immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages l Friction develops between “hyphenated” Americans, native-born Chinatowns are found in many cities major
III. IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS A. As immigration increased, so did antiimmigrant feeling B. Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to antiimmigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts
The Rise of Nativism C. Melting pot —in U. S. people blend by abandoning native culture 1. immigrants don’t want to give up cultural identity D. Some object to immigrants’ religion: many are Catholics, Jews 1897, Congress passes literacy bill for immigrants; Cleveland vetoes 1917, similar bill passes over Wilson’s veto
“The High Tide of Immigration”
Anti-Asian Sentiment E. Nativism finds foothold in labor movement, especially in West 1. fear Chinese who work for less 2. 1882, Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act limited Chinese immigration until 1943 F. Nativist fears extend to Japanese 2. Gentlemen’s Agreement —Japan limits emigration l San Francisco segregates Japanese schoolchildren l U. S. repeals segregation
SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION I. Urban Opportunities A. Immigrants settled in cities - jobs & housing l By 1910, immigrants more than half the population of 18 major American cities
MIGRATION FROM COUNTRY TO CITY Discrimination and segregation were often the reality for African Americans who migrated North B. Many rural people left to find work- including African Americans 1. 1890– 1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence 2. Find segregation, discrimination in North too C. Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension
II. URBAN PROBLEMS A. Housing 1. Tenements — multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary Famous photographer Jacob Riis captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements
URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED B. Sanitation: garbage was often not collected, polluted air l Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection l By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments
URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED C. Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems 1. Mass transit —move large numbers of people along fixed routes Cholera was prevalent in the U. S. in the 1800 s before modern water and sewage treatment l By 20 th century, transit systems link city to suburbs systems eliminated its spread by contaminated D. Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever CHOLERA -most common in places with was common poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine l 1860 s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing Typhoid fever spreads through rare contaminated food and water or through l Filtration introduced 1870 s, close contact with someone who's chlorination in 1908 infected. Signs and symptoms usually include high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and either constipation or diarrhea.
URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUED E. Fire: – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires 1. Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters F. Crime 1. As population grows, thieves flourish Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
III. REFORMERS MOBILIZE A. Jacob Riis reformer who through his pictures hoped for change B. Social Gospel Movement preached salvation through service to the poor C. Some reformers established Settlement Homes =community centers in slums, help immigrants D. Run by college-educated women, they: 1. provide educational, cultural, social services E. Jane Addams was the most famous member of the Settlement Movement 1. founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889 Jane Addams and Hull House
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) l Tried to help industrial workers and the poor by organizing Christian group activities. l YMCA facilities spread throughout the country.
Salvation Army (1878) l Charity organization designed to help the urban poor and provide religious counseling.
SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE I. Emergence of Political Machines A. As cities grew in late 19 th century, so did political machines, organized group that controls city political party
ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS B. The Role of the Political Boss, or party boss (may serve as mayor) 1. controls access to city jobs 2. influences courts 3. Bosses paid by businesses, get voters’ loyalty, extend influence Boss Tweed ran NYC
II. MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL A. Election Fraud and Graft 1. Machines use electoral fraud to win elections 2. Graft —illegal use of political influence for personal gain B. Machines take kickbacks, bribes to allow legal, illegal activities
THE TWEED RING SCANDAL C. 1868 William M. Tweed, or Boss Tweed, heads Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic political machines 1. Leads Tweed Ring, defrauds city of millions of dollars l Cartoonist Thomas Nast helps arouse public outrage l Tweed Ring broken in 1871 Boss Tweed
SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE A Harper's Weekly cartoon depicts Tweed as a police officer saying to two boys, "If all the people want is to have somebody arrested, I'll have you plunderers convicted. You will be allowed to escape, nobody will be hurt, and then Tilden will go to the White House and I to Albany as Governor. "
III. CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES PATRONAGE A. Patronage (spoils system) Spurs Reform 1. Patronage —government jobs to those who help candidate get elected B. Civil service (government administration) are all patronage jobs C. Reformers press for merit system of hiring for civil service Applicants for federal jobs are required to take a Civil Service Exam
Patronage l Also called the spoils system. l The winning party in the presidential election gave supporters government jobs. l People believed this corrupted the government. l Campaign began to end reform civil service.
Reform Under Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur l Republican Rutherford B. Hayes elected president 1876 l names independents to cabinet l creates commission to investigate corruption l fires 2 officials; angers Stalwarts D. 1880, Republican independent James A. Garfield wins election E. Chester A. Arthur is vice-president F. Garfield gives patronage jobs to reformers; is shot and killed G. As president, Arthur urges Congress to pass civil service law H. Pendleton Civil Service Act —appointments based on exam score
l http: //www. biography. com/people/charl es-julius-guiteau-235814#synopsis The Republican convention of 1880 was deeply divided between Stalwarts (favored patronage system) and Half -Breeds (wanted civil service reform) Stalwart
Pendleton Act (1883) l Law that made people who wanted government jobs pass a civil service exam to make sure they could do the work. l Patronage began to decline. l Supported by Arthur.
IV. Business Buys Influence Harrison, Cleveland, and High Tariffs A. Business wants high tariffs; Democrats want low tariffs B. 1884, Democrat Grover Cleveland wins; cannot lower tariffs C. 1888, Benjamin Harrison becomes president, supports higher tariffs 1. wins passage of Mc. Kinley Tariff Act D. 1892, Cleveland reelected, supports bill that lowers Mc. Kinley Tariff 1. rejects bill that also creates income tax 2. Wilson-Gorman Tariff becomes law 1894 E. 1897, William Mc. Kinley becomes president, raises tariffs again
Gilded Age 31. During what time period did the Gilded Age occur? l late 1800 s-early 1900 s 32. What were the small, dark, and unsanitary apartments in industrial cities? l tenements 33. What is the term for America in the late 1800’s meaning prosperous in appearance but poorer in reality? l Gilded Age 34. Who began the most famous settlement house? l Jane Addams 35. What were the political groups that dominated 19 th century cities? l Political machines
36. What were the leaders of these groups called? l Party boss 37. What was the site and name of the immigrantprocessing center on the East Coast? l Ellis Island 38. What was the site and name of the immigrantprocessing center on the West Coast? l Angel Island 39. What is the term for Americans opposed to immigration? l Nativists 40. What was Carnegie’s writing that called for rich people to give most of their money to charity? l Gospel of wealth
41. What nationality of immigrants were the first to be excluded from entering the US? l Chinese 42. The new immigration of the late 1800’s was made up of immigrants largely from what parts of Europe? l Eastern, Southern 43. What was the movement of Christians to end poverty and help the needy? l Social Gospel Movement 45. During what time period did Populism and political reform occur? l late 1800 s 46. What term describes a monetary system that uses both gold and silver? l Bimetallism
47. What was the political movement that wanted railroad regulation, reduced railroad rates, unlimited silver coinage, income tax, and a direct election of senators (made up mostly of farmers)? Populism 48. What was the first government agency to regulate the railroads? l Interstate Commerce Commission 49. What was the first widespread farmer’s political group? l The Grange
50. What was the name of William Jennings Bryan’s famous speech calling for bimetallism? l Cross of gold speech 51. What monetary policy did Republicans support? l gold standard 52. What is a tariff? l Tax on imports 53. What law granted civil service jobs based on merit (performance)? l Pendleton Act
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