Imagery at Aero Map U S Stanton H

Imagery at Aero. Map U. S. Stanton H. Moll Mark A. Syren GIS/RS Program Manager smoll@aeromap. com Project Manager msyren@aeromap. com 2014 MERRILL FIELD DRIVE ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 -4116 (907) 272 -4495 FAX (907) 274 -3265

Aero. Map Mission • From data acquired using land, airborne and satellite sensors, • we define the earth's topographic shape, • identify and measure its natural and man -made features, • and chronicle its condition.

Outline of Today’s Topics • Primary data acquisition • Underlying technologies and considerations • Data reduction

Primary Data Acquisition • Aircraft based platforms – Photography – LIDAR – IFSAR • Ground-based • Satellite

Aircraft based Aero. Map has four mission Aero. Map’s new photo bird ships Cessna (Twin) powered King– Air E 90310 – turbine – Cessna 320 (Twin) – Piper Navaho (Twin) – King. Air E 90 (Twin Turbine)

Equipment Zeiss TOP camera with IMU • Film cameras: – Two Zeiss TOP cameras • ABGPS/IMU • FMC – One Zeiss RMK camera • has ABGPS/IMU during summer months • Digital Camera – Aero-Metric, Inc. owns a large-format, engineering quality Digital Mapping Camera from Z/I Imaging. – located in Sheboygan, WI. Would incur mobilization costs to bring to Alaska. Z/I Imaging DMC

Equipment • LIDAR Sensor System • installed in Aero. Map’s twin-engine Cessna • Optech ALTM LIDAR system, Model 30/70 • 70 -kilohertz (capable of measuring 70, 000 pulses per second) • With 4 returns – up to 280, 000 x, y, z & intensity values/sec

ABGPS/IMU • We collect Airborne GPS with IMU if required, and try to collect in all cases. • Require a minimum of one dual frequency GPS receiver running on an established control point. • We run two for redundancy. • We must stay within 20 -100+ km of base station for acceptable control. • Also affected by – quality of GPS signals (constellation geometry) – solar storms – Multi-path (e. g. steep topography)

Base Stations Adak Aniak Bettles Deadhorse Eureka Galena Healy Iliamna Kalskag King Salmon Kotzebue Nikolai Petersburg Portage Seward St. George Tanacross Valdez Yakataga All West Annette Island Campbell Delta Jnctn. Fairbanks Gambell Holy Cross Juneau Kaltag Klawock Lynn Canal Nome Platinum Rampart Sitka St. Marys Toksook Wales Yakutat Ambler Barrow Cold Bay Donlin Cr. Camp Fort Yukon Gulkana Homer Kake Kasigluk Kodiak Mc. Carthy Northway Pt. Hope Red Devil Skagway Summit Umiat Wal. Mart Anaktuvuk Bethel Cordova Eagle Galbraith Lk. Haines Hooper Bay Kaktovik Ketchikan Kotlik Mc. Grath Palmer Port Heiden Savoonga Soldotna Talkeetna Unalakleet Wrangell

Base station receiver for ABGPS control

Selected Map Standards • National Map Accuracy Standards (NMAS) (1941, 1947) – Older standard; Differentiates “large-” and “small-” scale maps; 90% CI • Reference Guide Outline - Specifications for Aerial Surveys & Mapping by Photogrammetric Methods for Highways (RGO) (1968) • ASPRS Standards for Large Scale Maps (ASPRS) (1990) – Large-scale maps; 68% CI; implement “classes” to account for error tolerance • National Standard for Spatial Data Accuracy (NSSDA) – Replacement of NMAS; 95% CI; establish means for measuring accuracy; based on NMAS; ASPRS • US Army Corps of Engineers - Engineering Design Photogrammetric Mapping (EM 1110 -1 -1000) – adopts ASPRS Standards, but more comprehensive

Suggested Vertical Surveying & Targeting Accuracy • • For Class II maps, limiting RMSE is 2 x the limit for Class I maps. Class III maps are allowed 3 x the limit for Class I maps. Contour interval and limiting RMSE for the above table are in the same units, i. e. , meters or U. S. Survey Feet. Vertical limiting RMSE values are applicable across the diagonal distance of a map sheet.

FAQs • Relationship between photo scale and contour intervals. Caveats: – Accuracy spec – Precision vs accuracy – Error tolerance & – Liability – Ground survey quality – GPS signal quality – Photo quality – Time of year – Weather – Analyst skill

FAQs • Relationship between altitude and photo scale. – – focal length (in) / photo scale (in/ft) = flying height (ft) Assume camera focal length = 6” 6” / (1”/1000’) = 6000’ AMT Or 6” * 1000’ = 6000’ • Relationship between altitude and pixel size – – Common scanning sizes = 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 8 = 3175 dpi 1500 -scale photography @ 16 1. 0’ pixels 1500 -scale = 9000’ AMT

FAQs • Relationship between pixel size and file size – bytes = (dpi * 9. 25”)^2 * 3 – Assume 16 scan: 1588 dpi = 647, 300, 163 647 Mb Microns DPI/PPI 24 1058 Gray (Mb) 96 20 16 12 8 1270 1588 2117 3175 138 216 383 863 Color (Mb) 288 414 647 1150 2588

The Effect of Resolution Fairbanks International Airport Terminal SPOT 5 2. 5 m pan-fused Landsat 7 30 m MS Quick. Bird 0. 6 m pan-fused Thanks to Marc Lee, Division of Forestry, Northern Region GIS

1’ pixel Resolution (cont’d) 5’ pixel 10’ pixel 2’ pixel

File Formats / Compression • • TIFF LZ, LZW etc. JPG “wavelet”-based – Mr. SID – ECW – JPEG 2000

Georeferencing • Degrees of Georeferencing – World referencing – Rubbersheeting – Orthorectification

The Effect of Orthorectification Corrects for scale… …and topographic… 1000’ …distortion

Aero. Map Spec Library • Populated areas such as Anchorage, Eagle River & Girdwood we fly every year at 1”=1000’. • We also fly at a scale suitable for 2’ contours perhaps every 5 – 10 years. • Occasionally fly at a smaller scale like 1’=2500’ OR 1”=3000’. • Just flew Anchorage 800 scale in April, 2005 • Railroad corridor: 1”=1500’ in 2002 • Parks Highway: 1”=1500’ in 2002 • Other population centers & villages: less frequent

Common Satellite Sources High Resolution: Quick. Bird Orb. View 3 IKONOS EROS-1 A Medium Resolution: IRS SPOT LANDSAT Radar: RADARSAT ENVISAT ERS Other: MODIS MISR AVHRR

Multispectral Imagery 0. 50 - 0. 59 (Green) 0. 61 - 0. 68 (Red) Spatial Resolution (Meters) SPOT 4 Spectral Resolution (Microns) 0. 79 - 0. 89 (Near IR) 0. 50 - 0. 59 (Green) 20 m 0. 61 - 0. 68 (Red) 0. 79 - 0. 89 (Near IR) 1. 58 - 1. 73 (Mid IR)

Multispectral Imagery • 3/2/1 (RGB) Band Combination • 4/2/1 (RGB) Band Combination

Footprint Quick. Bird – 16. 5 km Ikonos – 11 km Orb. View 3 – 8 km Eros 1 A – 12. 5 km Landsat 7 Image of Washington D. C

Dynamic Range 8 -Bit 11 -Bit Smaller file size Compatible with all software More information in shadows Stored in 16 -bit file

Synopsis of High-Resolution Satellites Satellite Resolution Swath Width Channels Altitude Average revisit time (1 Quick. Bird IKONOS Orb. View 3 EROS 1 A 61 cm 0. 8 m 1. 0 m 1. 8 m 16. 5 km 11 km 8 km 12. 5 km 1 pan + 4 MS 1 pan or 4 MS 1 pan 450 km 600 km 470 km 500 km 2 - 2. 9 days 2. 3 - 3. 4 days 1. 5 - 3 days 1 - 2 days 10 -meter 30 -meter 100 -meter) Mapping accuracy Announced follow-on World. View 1: 2006 45 cm Wordview 2: 2008 45 cm pan + 8 channel MS Orb. View 5: 2007 45 cm pan, + 4 channel MS EROS 1 B: 2006 70 cm pan EROS 1 C: 2009 70 cm pan + MS

Synopsis of High-Resolution Satellites Satellite Resolution Swath Width Channels Altitude Average revisit time (1 Quick. Bird IKONOS Orb. View 3 EROS 1 A 61 cm 0. 8 m 1. 0 m 1. 8 m 16. 5 km 11 km 8 km 12. 5 km 1 pan + 4 MS 1 pan or 4 MS 1 pan 450 km 600 km 470 km 500 km 2 - 2. 9 days 2. 3 - 3. 4 days 1. 5 - 3 days 1 - 2 days 10 -meter 30 -meter 100 -meter) Mapping accuracy Announced follow-on World. View 1: 2006 45 cm Wordview 2: 2008 45 cm pan + 8 channel MS Orb. View 5: 2007 45 cm pan, + 4 channel MS EROS 1 B: 2006 70 cm pan EROS 1 C: 2009 70 cm pan + MS

Aero. Map’s Image Use Policy • We recognize that our clients have legitimate business needs to reproduce our photographs for their internal purposes, or to provide such reproductions to others who require them in performing work consistent with the purpose in which the photographs were originally purchased. • Although the Copyright Act protects photographers by giving the author of the photography the exclusive right of reproduction, including the right to control making copies, Aero. Map has adopted a liberal policy regarding use of our images:

Image Use Agreement • Images in Aero. Map’s archive are largely the property of Aero. Map. We wish our clients to derive the most benefit possible while maintaining our ability to provide the service of reproducing, maintaining and adding to our archive. Our images date back to before 1950 and thousands of new images are added each year. • If you purchase a print you may reproduce it by any means for a report or any reproduction up to 11 X 17 inches including cropping and enlarging sections of the print. You may distribute digital copies within a document. You may reproduce as many hard copies as you wish. • If you wish to use digital images for work products such as importing into a GIS system, as a background for a CADD file or reproducing in a large size we ask that you purchase a digital file. Our digital files are made from the original film and provide the highest quality inherent in the film.

Image Use Agreement • If you purchase a digital file you may reproduce it any way you wish. You may copy and transmit it to your clients, associates, contractors and subcontractors. • If there any other uses or needs you have questions about please call us. Our goal is for our clients to derive maximum value from our images while maintaining our ability to provide the services our clients need. • When possible and practical we would like a photo credit be given to Aero. Map U. S. on reproductions.

Contacts at Aero. Map U. S. • Aerial Photography & Mapping products including orthos & georeferenced digital files: – Dean Cimmiyotti, Mark Syren, John Ellis • Photo lab products including non-georeferenced scans – Steve Sparks, Warren Penny • Satellite imagery – Stan Moll, Mark Syren

Thank You Stanton H. Moll Mark A. Syren GIS/RS Program Manager smoll@aeromap. com Project Manager msyren@aeromap. com 2014 MERRILL FIELD DRIVE ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99501 -4116 (907) 272 -4495 FAX (907) 274 -3265