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Image Source: Creative Commons; Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. 0 An Evaluation of Multiple-Criteria Decision Making with GIS: The "DC 2 RVA" Case Study Bridget Ward Course: Geography 596 A Fall 2016 Advisor: Dr. Guangqing Chi

Table of Contents • Background • GIS and Multiple Criteria Decision Making/Analysis (MCDM/A) as Decision Support Tools • “DC 2 RVA” High Speed Rail Case Study • Research Objectives • Exemplify Synergy of GIS and MCDM/A • Increase Awareness and Facilitate Use of GIS and MCDM/A • Methodology & Anticipated Results • Timeframe • References 2

GIS: Spatial Decision Support System(SDSS) • Emerged in the 1960 s • Ian Mc. Harg, originator of the overlay technique • GIS for Decision Analysis Modeling • Descriptive Approach (Keeney 1992, Bouyssou et. al. 2006) • Describe and explain actual behavior of decision making agents • Methodological Approach (Jankowski 1995) • GIS in the “rational model framework” • • 1. Problem Definition 2. Search for Alternatives and Selection Criteria 3. Evaluation of Alternatives 4. Selection of Alternatives Image Source: http: //www. gis-consultants. com 3

Multiple Criteria Decision Making/Analysis “MCDM/A is primarily concerned with how to combine the information from several criteria To form a single index of evaluation. ” (Chen, Yu, Khan 2010) Image Source: http: //img. socialbeta. com/wp/2014/03/Decision-Making-Strategies-590 x 400 -560 x 379. jpg Image Source: http: //www. pixabay. com 4

Multiple Criteria Decision Making/Analysis Theory and Discourse • Research and Applications • Dated as Early as the 1950’s • Modeling Based Upon Extensive Statistics • Most Prominent Methods: • ELECTRE • Methods Group for Choice, Rank, and Classification Decisions • Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) • Approach Most Commonly Used with GIS in Transportation Planning • Grounded in 3 Principles (Malczewski, Rinner 2015) : • Decomposition • Comparative Judgment • Synthesis of Priorities 5

GIS & MCDM/A Integration “…GIS-MCDM/A can be thought of as a collection of methods and tools for transforming and combining geographic data and preferences (value judgments) to obtain information for decision making. ” MCDM/A • Provides methodology/ framework for “argumentation maps” • Systematic and defensible approach (Malczewski, Rinner 2015) GIS • “Unique capabilities for storing, managing, analyzing, and visualizing geospatial data for decision making. ” ( M a l c z e w s k i , R i n n e r 2 0 1 5 ) 6

GIS & MCDM/A: Public Transportation “The MCDM/A methodology allows to take into account different aspects of concrete, real world decision problems that arise in mass transit systems and consider contradictory interests of various stakeholders. ” ( Z a k 2 0 1 0 ) “…Versatile effect-based decision support system…” (Luca, Lamberti 2010) “ Visualization is a natural and effective tool in not only the development of better transportation solutions, but also in their acceptance by the public and reviewing agencies. ” (Stich, Holland 2011) 7

Case Study • Washington, D. C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail • “ DC 2 RVA” • Tier II Environmental Impact Statement • http: //www. dc 2 rvarail. com mage Source: Property of HDR, Inc. 2016. 4 8

Corridor Overview • 123 -mile corridor • Follows CSX’s rail line • Shared freight rail and passenger rail corridor • Amtrak provides intercity passenger rail service • Virginia Railway Express provides commuter rail service 9

Summ ary of Alte rnat ives Carrie d Forward 10

Case Study Focus: Ashland, VA Richmond Times Dispatch, 2016 NBC 12, 2016 11

Research: Proposal & Objective Proposal • GIS-MCDM/A As An Effective Technique For Land Suitability Analysis For Rail Transportation • GIS-MCDM/A Provides Increased Access And Decision Support For Non-specialists; • Wide Utilization = High-level Decision Making And Detailed Criteria Evaluation Objective • To Identify And Evaluate The Synergistic Relationship Of GIS And MCDM/A Through The Analysis Of A Specific Alternatives Portion Of The “DC 2 RVA” Project. 12

Methodology: Base Data • Four (4) Possible Locality options for Ashland, VA • Approximate 11 -Mile Linear Corridor Methodology: • Parallel Rail. Base Alignment Data Options • Combination of Suburban, Urban, Rural/Agricultural Land Uses • Screening for community, environmental and resource impacts against Limits of Disturbance (LOD) 13

Methodology: Screening Data Stage I – Fatal Flaw • Cultural Areas • Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) (2016) • Parks • ESRI (2015/2016) • Municipalities (2015/2016) • Schools • ESRI (2015/2016) • Municipalities (2015/2016) • Virginia Economic Development Partnership (2015/2016) 14

Methodology: Screening Data Stage II – Order of Magnitude • Wetlands • The Nature Conservancy(2015/2016) • U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2015/2016) • Cemeteries • ESRI, VDHR, Municipalities (2015/2016) • Hazardous Materials • ERIS (2015/2016) • Urban/Agricultural Lands (outside of existing Right-of-Way) • National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) (2015/2016) 15

Screening Process HDR “DC 2 RVA” Impact Model, 2015 16

Methodology: Impacts Standardization • Decision Matrix Screening Data Rail Alternative Options Malczewski, 2015 17

Methodology: Criteria Weighting • Normalized Acreages • Base Weight Property: • Global Criteria Weighting • Maintains assumption that alternatives are spatially homogenous 18

Methodology: Consideration for Additional Weighting Techniques • GIS: Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) technique • IDRISI GIS Analysis Tools • Simple Rating Illustration Adapted from “Multi-criteria evaluation Geography 570 B. Klinkenberg. https: //clarklabs. org/terrset/idrisi-gis/ 19

Anticipated Results • Outcome Yields A Single Feasible Option • Cumulatively Strengthen Theories Of MCDM/A And The Evolving Integration Of GIS For Decision Support Analysis • GIS-MCDM/A as Viable Approach for High Speed Rail Analysis 20

Timeframe for Completion Fall 2 2016 GEOG 596 A December 2016 February 2017 Process Model, Interpret Impacts Spring 2 2017 GEOG 596 B April 2017 Conference Presentation/ Journal Publication 21

Acknowledgments • Dr. Guangqing Chi • Pennsylvania State University World Campus – MGIS Program 22

References • • • Bouyssou, D. Evaluation and Decision Models with Multiple Criteria: Stepping Stones for the Analyst. New York: Springer Science Business Media, 2006. "D. C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail : : Home. " D. C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail : : Home. Accessed November 27, 2016. http: //dc 2 rvarail. com/. "IDRISI GIS Analysis | Clark Labs. " Clark Labs. Accessed December 02, 2016. https: //clarklabs. org/terrset/idrisi-gis/ Jankowski, Piotr. "Integrating Geographical Information Systems and Multiple Criteria Decisionmaking Methods. " International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 9, no. 3 (1995): 25173. Accessed October 13, 2016. doi: 10. 1080/02693799508902036. Keeney, Ralph L. "On the Foundations of Prescriptive Decision Analysis. " Utility Theories: Measurements and Applications Studies in Risk and Uncertainty, 1992, 57 -72. Accessed October 10, 2016. doi: 10. 1007/978 -94 -011 -2952 -7_3. 15 Luca, Mario De, Gianluca Dell’Acqua, and Renato Lamberti. "High-Speed Rail Track Design Using GIS And Multi-Criteria Analysis. " Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 54 (2012): 608 -17. Accessed October 11, 2016. doi: 10. 1016/j. sbspro. 2012. 09. 778. Malczewski, Jacek, and Claus Rinner. "Multicriteria Decision Analysis in Geographic Information Science. " Advances in Geographic Information Science, 2015. doi: 10. 1007/978 -3 -540 -74757 -4. Stich, B. , and J. H. Holland. "Using a Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Model to Streamline and Enhance NEPA and Public Participation Processes. " Public Works Management & Policy 16, no. 1 (2011): 59 -89. Accessed October 13, 2016. doi: 10. 1177/1087724 x 10390227. Zak, Jacek. "The Methodology of Multiple Criteria Decision Making/aiding in Public Transportation. " Journal of Advanced Transportation 45, no. 1 (2010): 1 -20. Accessed. October 11, 2016. doi: 10. 1002/atr. 108. 23

Thank You! Questions?