Illustration of bootstrapping in the FFSF Daniel Messinger
Illustration of bootstrapping in the FFSF Daniel Messinger, Marygrace Yale Kaiser, Alan Cobo-Lewis, & Peter Mundy Supported by NICHD 38336 & 41619 & The Positive Psychology Foundation
Events as unit of analysis B 1 B 2 GAZE SMILE Unit of association = Patterns of actions (e. g. , B 1 & B 2) Overlapping behaviors create an expressive signal dependent on how they are patterned in time Beyond duration of co-occurrence
Generic Observed Patterns – A BEFORE B. E. g. , Smile before Gaze n – A IN B. E. g. , Smile in Gaze n – A smile which begins and ends within a gaze at parent’s face. B BEFORE A. E. g. , Gaze before Smile n – A smile which begins before and ends within a gaze at parent’s face. A gaze at parent which begins before and ends within a smile. B IN A. E. g. , Gaze in Smile n A gaze at parent’s face which begins and ends within a smile.
Simulation Procedure Take Observed Pattern SM Expressions SM Smile in Gazes Time Separate into Observed Behaviors Gazes No Smiles Away at Mom SM SM
Use observed behaviors to create simulated sequences Observed Behaviors Gazes Away No Smiles Gazes at Mom SM SM To Create Simulated Pattern SM Smile Gaze Time SM
Simulation indicates patterns not due to chance Smile Observed Pattern SM SM Smile in Gaze! Gaze Subtract Simulated Random Pattern Repeat 2000 times. SM Smile Gaze Time Z = (Observed – Simulated)/SDS SM
Study 1: Early infant communication • • Facial expressions (smiles & frowns) Facial Expression Vocalizations (nonreflexive vocalizations) Gaze direction (gazing at parent’s face & other) 40 infants at 3 - & 6 Vocalization --? -- Gaze months of age in modified face-to • Yale, Messinger, Cobo-Lewis, et al. (1999; in face/still-face press, Developmental Psychology) • 12 & 40 infants at 3 - & 6 -months of age in modified face-to-face/still-face
Facial expression & vocalization Facial Expression Vocalization n Facial expressions encompass vocalizations in a pattern that does not change with age or expression - replicated
Facial expressions and gaze Facial Expression Gaze n Facial expressions – especially smiles - begin during gazes at parent’s face – Stronger with age & smile
Vocalization & Gaze n Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time Vocalization --? -- Gaze
Centrality of facial expressions n Facial expressions - both smiles and frowns - n n begin during gazes at parent’s face Facial expressions encompass vocalizations Vocalizations and gazes at parent were not coordinated in time
Dynamic formation of patterns n n Communicative package is not pre-formed, but emerges through two links Gaze at parent’s face sets the stage: for a facial expression into which a vocalization is likely to be inserted Facial Expression Vocalization --? -- Gaze Communicative signal dynamically assembles in real-time
Development of timing? Smile in gaze Smile after gaze
- Slides: 13
