Illinois Plant Communities Prairie Ecosystems Primary Production Grasses
- Slides: 46
Illinois Plant Communities – Prairie Ecosystems
Primary Production • Grasses occur in two basic forms - sod (or turf) grasses form a thick mat – buffalo grass, bermuda grass, blue grass • bunch grasses grow in distinct clumps - little bluestem, prairie dropseed • sod grasses usually grow vegetatively with short rhizomes, stolons or runners and are very effective in resisting water or wind erosion • bunch grasses reproduce vegetatively by tillers - shoots which arise from the crown - basal portion of plant, atop the roots - may have up to 100 or more tillers in a single clump of grasses like little bluestem
Sod grass vs. bunch grass
Grass Tillers
Grass Tillers in a Sod Grass
Grass Rhizomes
Rhizomes and Tillers Stabilizing Soil
Primary Production • Gross primary production (GPP) is the total amount of energy fixed by a plant or plant community • Net primary production - is the amount of energy stored or biomass produced - it is GPP minus energy burned in respiration • NPP = GPP - R
Ecosystem Production • Gross Ecosystem Production (GEP) - is total energy fixed in ecosystem • Net ecosystem production (NEP) is total amount of energy stored or biomass produced by all organisms in ecosystem - producers, consumers, decomposers - or GEP - ecosystem respiration (ER) the respiration of all plants, consumers and decomposers • NEP = GEP - ER
Photosynthesis
Prairie Productivity • Estimates of production of aboveground biomass range from 200 to 570 grams of carbon per square meter per year for a tallgrass prairie
Prairie Productivity • In prairies 2 to 4 times the amount of aboveground biomass occurs as biomass below ground • Prairie plants produce extensive root systems - big bluestem roots reach down 2 m; switchgrass roots reach down 3. 7 m; forbs such as leadplant and dotted gayfeather have much deeper roots - reaching down 5 m • A student of Weaver's measured the length of root material in the top 10 cm of a 0. 5 square meter plot and found 21. 5 km of big bluestem root; 38. 7 km of little bluestem; 18. 3 km of needlegrass; 176. 7 km of Kentucky bluegrass
Prairie Productivity cont’d • For most praire plants, 80% of the root biomass occurs in the top 25 cm of soil • Further complicating the picture is that many grasses reproduce by rhizomes - the rhizomes anchor the plant, take up some water and nutrients, store food, and produce aerial shoots - rhizomes usually occur in the top 10 to 20 cm of the soil
Prairie Productivity • In prairies belowground biomass of 685 to 1900 g C per square meter per year • Thus total yearly production in tallgrass prairies combining aboveground and belowground biomass appears in the 800 to 2400 g C per square meter per year range • This is in comparison to 3500 g C per square meter for an Iowa cornfield
Influence of grazing
East African Grasslands
Energy Flow in Different Ecosystems
Grazing in East Africa
Compensatory Growth • Grazing seems to stimulate plants to engage in compensatory growth (to replace lost plant material) and to reallocate resources within the plant • Compensatory growth may occur due to enhanced photosynthesis; more efficient light use due to reductions in mutual shading; hormonal changes causing an increase in tillering; leaf cell division and leaf cell expansion; reduced rate of leaf senscence; nutrient recycling accompanying herbivory (excretion releases nutrients); some stimulatory effect of herbivore saliva (this idea about cow slobber is very controversial)
Grazing in Illinois Prairies Illinois tallgrass prairie plants vary in response to grazing - ability to withstand grazing depends upon several factors: 1. possession of rhizomes 2. capacity for production of lateral shoots 3. small height and erectness of growth habit 4. lateness of seed germination and spring growth 5. slow growth rate 6. lateness of elevation of stem apex above minimum point of grazing
Decline with Grazing Indian grass Willow aster
Increase with Grazing Sideoats grama Common Yarrow
Highly invasive after grazing Downy Brome (cheatgrass) Canada Thistle
Increase after grazing Grasshopper Leafhopper
Decrease after grazing Beetles
Eastern Meadowlark Dickcissel Increase with moderate grazing
Grasshopper sparrow – Only found in grazed areas
Savannah sparrow Declines with grazing
Le. Conte’s Sparrow Unaffected by grazing Bobolink
Decline with grazing Prairie Vole Short-tailed shrew
Increase with grazing Thirteen-lined ground squirrel
Unaffected by grazing White-footed deer mouse
Influence of Fire
Native American Fires Meadows Burning by George Caitlin - 1832
Decline with spring fires Kentucky Bluegrass Bicknell’s Sedge
Increase with spring fires Canada Wild Rye Prairie Dropseed
Fire Effects • If fire is followed by adequate precipitation, biomass production will increase in the next 2 to 3 years following the fire; if precipitation is less than adequate, biomass production will decrease • Species richness of plants usually increases in burned compared to unburned areas - species richness also increases when fire is combined with grazing - so fire and grazing both act to limit growth by competitive dominants and allow competitively inferior species to increase
Increase with fire Prairie Grasshoppers
Decrease with fire Beetles Leafhoppers
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